Alabama

State of Alabama

Flag of Alabama Seal of Alabama Also called: Yellowhammer State, Heart of Dixie Saying(s): Audemus jura nostra defendere
Official language(s)	English
Capital	Montgomery
Largest city	Birmingham
Area	Ranked 30th
- Total	52,419 sq mi (135,765 km²)
- Width	190 miles (306 km)
- Length	330 miles (531 km)
- % water	3.20
- Latitude	30°13'N to 35°N
- Longitude	84°51'W to 88°28'W
Number of people	Ranked 23rd
- Total (2010)	4,779,736
- Density	94.4/sq mi  36.4/km² (29th)
Height above sea level
- Highest point	Mount Cheaha 2,408 ft  (734 m)
- Average	499 ft  (152 m)
- Lowest point	0 ft  (0 m)
Became part of the U.S.	December 14, 1819 (22nd)
Governor	Bob Riley (R)
U.S. Senators	Richard Shelby (R) Jeff Sessions (R)
Time zone	Central: UTC-6/DST-5
Abbreviations	AL US-AL
Web site	http://www.alabama.gov

Alabama State symbols
The Flag of Alabama.
Animate insignia
Amphibian	Red Hills salamander
Bird(s)	Yellowhammer, Wild Turkey
Butterfly	Eastern Tiger Swallowtail
Fish	Largemouth bass, Fighting tarpon
Flower(s)	Camellia, Oak-leaf Hydrangea
Insect	Monarch Butterfly
Mammal(s)	American Black Bear, Racking horse
Reptile	Alabama red-bellied turtle
Tree	Longleaf Pine
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Conecuh Ridge Whiskey
Colors	Red, White
Dance	Square Dance
Food	Pecan, Blackberry, Peach
Fossil	Basilosaurus
Gemstone	Star Blue Quartz
Mineral	Hematite
Rock	Marble
Shell	Johnstone's Junonia
Slogan(s)	Share The Wonder, Alabama the beautiful, Where America finds its voice, Sweet Home Alabama
Soil	Bama
Song(s)	Alabama (song)
Route marker(s)
State Quarter
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state insignia

Alabama is a state in the United States. Its capital city is Montgomery. The largest city is Birmingham. It became a state in 1819.

Geography

Alabama terrain map: it shows lakes, rivers, and roads. Mount Cheaha can also be seen in the right center, east of Birmingham.

Alabama is the thirtieth largest state in the United States with 52,423 square miles (135,775 km²) of total area. 3.19% of the area is water, making Alabama twenty-third in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is a plain with a general downward slope towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. North Alabama has mostly mountains, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating many creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.

The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the very southern edge of the state. Alabama ranges in elevation from sea level at "Mobile Bay" to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is "Mount Cheaha", at a height of 2,407 ft (734 m). Alabama's land has 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area. "Suburban Baldwin County", along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.

Climate

The state is classified as subtropical Cfa under the Koppen Climate Classification. The normal annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures are often warmer in the southern part of the state because it is close to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, mostly in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler. Most of the time, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious rain throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.

Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama also gets many tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump big amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.

Population

Population density map of Alabama.

The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alabama's population at 4,661,900, which is an increase of 214,545, or 4.8%, since the last census in 2000. This is a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase because of net migration of 104,991 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country got a net gain of 73,811 people. The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).

Economy

According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased 0.7% from the past year. The single largest increase came in the area of information. In 1999, per capita income for the state was $18,189.

Alabama's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains (such as corn and sorghum), vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama is between eight and ten in national cotton making, according to many reports, with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi making up the top three.

Alabama's company outputs are iron and steel products (like cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood items; mining (mostly coal); plastic things; cars and trucks; and apparel. Alabama also makes aerospace and electronic things, mostly in the "Huntsville" area, location of NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Aviation and Missile Command, headquartered at "Redstone Arsenal."

Education

Primary and secondary education

"Public primary and secondary education" in Alabama is under the review of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 separate schools have education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.

Colleges and universities

Alabama's programs of higher education are 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are two medical schools, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of South Alabama, two veterinary colleges, Auburn University and Tuskegee University, a dental school, University of Alabama, an optometry college, two pharmacy schools, Auburn University and Samford University, and five law schools, University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law. Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctor level programs.

Control

The governor of Alabama is Bob Riley, a Republican. The lieutenant governor of Alabama is Jim Folsom Jr., a Democrat, and the Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Sue Bell Cobb, a Democrat.

Notable people from Alabama

• Nat King Cole, singer (Montgomery)
• Bobby Eaton, pro wrestler (Huntsville)
• Mia Hamm, soccer star (Selma)
• Harold E. Martin, newspaperman Montgomery
• Scott Oden, writer (Somerville)
• Spooner Oldham; songwriter, keyboardist (Center Star)
• Stan O'Neal, chairman & CEO of Merrill Lynch (Roanoke)
• Osceola, Seminole leader (Tallassee)
• Randy Owen, lead singer- Alabama (Fort Payne)
• Jesse Owens, track and field athlete (Oakville)
• Terrell Owens, American football player (Alexander City)
• Jimbo Wales, Wikipedia founder (Huntsville)

Related pages

• List of counties in Alabama
• List of rivers of Alabama