Mosquito
| Mosquito | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Aedes aegypti: the vector of dengue fever and yellow fever |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Suborder: | Nematocera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Subfamilies | |
| Diversity | |
| 41 genera | |
A mosquito is a type of fly. It is the common name of a family of flies in the order Diptera.
The females are ectoparasites: they land on warm-blooded animals, pierce a capillary, and inject saliva to stop the blood coagulating. Then they suck up and eat the blood. Deadly microscopic parasites often live in the saliva. [1][2]
The males are nectar-feeders, and so are the females. However, in preparation for egg-laying the females turn to blood for its protein.
Contents |
Description [change]
Females cannot lay eggs until they have filled up on enough protein from blood. Then they find a pool of water to lay their eggs in. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in all kinds of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures. They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers. The larvae usually enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species. [3]
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
Different kinds of mosquitoes like different kinds of blood. Some like human blood, others like the blood of cows or horses. Sadly, there are so many mosquitoes that almost every mammal has at least one mosquito that likes its blood.
Vectors for disease [change]
Mosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries disease-causing viruses and parasites from person to person.
The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever and malaria carried by the genera Anopheles and Culex. Mosquitoes transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths.[4][5]
Mosquito control [change]
Methods used to prevent the spread of disease, or to protect individuals in areas where disease is endemic include:
- Vector control aimed at mosquito eradication. Habitat change: removing stagnant water and other breeding areas; pesticides; natural predators; and trapping.
- Disease prevention, using prophylactic drugs and vaccines; and preventing mosquito bites, with insecticides, nets and repellents.
Water [change]
Standing water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be: spray water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical.
Organic repellents [change]
With increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents.[6]
Natural predators [change]
The dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations.[7] Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day.[8] A number of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas, and minnows.
Evolution [change]
The oldest known mosquito with a basically modern anatomy was found in 79-million-year-old Canadian amber from the Upper Cretaceous.[9] An older sister species with more primitive features was found in amber that is 90 to 100 million years old.[10]
Genetic analyses indicate that the Culicinae and Anophelinae clades may have diverged about 150 million years ago.[11] The Old and New World Anopheles species are believed to have subsequently diverged about 95 million years ago.[11]
References [change]
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Wikispecies has information on: Diptera. |
- ↑ Harrison, Gordon A. 1978. Mosquitoes, malaria, and man: a history of the hostilities since 1880 ISBN 0525160256 / 0-525-16025-6
- ↑ Day, Nancy 2001. Malaria, West Nile, and other mosquito-borne diseases Enslow. ISBN 9780766015975
- ↑ Silver, John B. 2008. Mosquito Ecology. 3rd ed, Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978-1-4020-6665-8
- ↑ "Mosquito-Borne Diseases" – The American Mosquito Control Association. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
- ↑ Molavi, Afshin (2003-06-12). "Africa's malaria death toll still "outrageously high"". National Geographic. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0612_030612_malaria.html. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
- ↑ DEET Health Effects in Humans -- DEET Chemical Technical Summary for Public Health and Public Safety Professionals, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, December 6, 2004: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/consultations/deet/health-effects.html
- ↑ Singh RK, Dhiman RC, Singh SP (June 2003). "Laboratory studies on the predatory potential of dragon-fly nymphs on mosquito larvae". J Commun Dis 35 (2): 96–101. PMID 15562955.
- ↑ Marten GG, Reid JW (2007). "Cyclopoid copepods". J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 23 (2 Suppl): 65–92. doi:10.2987/8756-971X(2007)23[65:CC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17853599.
- ↑ Poinar G.O. et al. 2000. Paleoculicis minutus (Diptera: Culicidae) n. gen., n. sp., from Cretaceous Canadian amber with a summary of described fossil mosquitoes. Acta Geologica Hispanica 35: 119–128. PDF 177 kb
- ↑ Borkent A. & Grimaldi D.A. 2004. The earliest fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), in Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Ann Ent Soc Am 97: 882–888. [1]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Calvo E, Pham VM, Marinotti O, Andersen JF, Ribeiro JM (2009). "The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi is thought to reveal accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy" (PDF). BMC Genomics 10 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-57. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2164-10-57.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-21.
