Oswald Avery
Oswald Avery Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Oswald Avery Jr. in 1937 | |
| Born | Osward Theodore Avery Jr. October 21, 1877 |
| Died | February 20, 1955 (aged 77) |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for |
|
| Awards | ForMemRS[1] Copley Medal (1945) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Molecular biology[2] |
| Institutions | Rockefeller University Hospital |
Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. FRS[1] (October 21, 1877 – February 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher. Most of his career was spent at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City.
Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and one of the first people to study immunochemistry.
He is best known for the experiment (published in 1944 with his co-workers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty) which proved that DNA is the material from which genes are made.[3][4][5]
The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist to not receive the Nobel Prize for his work,[6] even though he was nominated for the award several times during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.[7][8]
Biography[change | change source]
Oswald Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father was a Baptist minister. In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church. Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University. He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York.[9] As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934.[9] He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936.[10]
Breakthrough discovery[change | change source]
For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein. Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.
In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".[11]
Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally".
Bibliography[change | change source]
The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive. Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their Profiles in Science series.[12]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dubos, R.J. (1956). "Oswald Theodore Avery 1877–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2: 35–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1956.0003. JSTOR 769474. S2CID 72917685.
- ↑ Barciszewski, J. (1995). "Pioneers in molecular biology: Emil Fischer, Erwin Schrodinger and Oswald T. Avery". Postepy Biochemii. 41 (1): 4–6. PMID 7777433.
- ↑ Hotchkiss, R.D. (1965). "Oswald T. Avery: 1877–1955". Genetics. 51: 1–10. PMID 14258070.
- ↑ "Oswald Theodore Avery, 1877–1955". Journal of General Microbiology. 17 (3): 539–549. 1957. doi:10.1099/00221287-17-3-539. PMID 13491790.
- ↑ Dochez, A.R. (1955). "Oswald Theodore Avery, 1877–1955". Transactions of the Association of American Physicians. 68: 7–8. PMID 13299298.
- ↑ Judson, Horace (2003-10-20). "No Nobel Prize for Whining". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
- ↑ Erica Westly (October 6, 2008). "No Nobel for You: Top 10 Nobel Snubs". Scientific American.
- ↑ Reichard, P. (2002). "Osvald T. Avery and the Nobel Prize in Medicine". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (16): 13355–13362. doi:10.1074/jbc.R200002200. PMID 11872756.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lehrer, Steven 2006. Explorers of the body. 2nd ed, United States: iUniverse. ISBN 0-595-40731-5 54–56.
- ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
- ↑ Davies, Kevin 2001. Cracking the genome: inside the race to unlock human DNA. The Free Press.
- ↑ "The Oswald T. Avery Collection". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
More reading[change | change source]
- René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA: Oswald T. Avery, his life and scientific achievements, 1976, Paul & Company, ISBN 0-87470-022-1
- Avery O;T Macleod C.M. & McCarty M. 2000 (2000). "Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types: Induction of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from Pneumococcus type III. Oswald Theodore Avery (1877–1955)". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 379 (379 Suppl): S3–8. doi:10.1097/00003086-200010001-00002. PMID 11039746. S2CID 8467056.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Austrian, R (July 1999). "Oswald T. Avery: the wizard of York Avenue". Am. J. Med. 107 (1A): 7S–11S. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00109-6. PMID 10451004.
- Lederberg, J (1994). "The transformation of genetics by DNA: an anniversary celebration of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944)". Genetics. 136 (2): 423–6. doi:10.1093/genetics/136.2.423. PMC 1205797. PMID 8150273.
- Russell, N (December 1988). "Oswald Avery and the origin of molecular biology". The British Journal for the History of Science. 21 (71 Pt 4): 193–400. doi:10.1017/S0007087400025310. PMID 11621687. S2CID 40622286.
- Pirie, N W (December 1972). "Avery in retrospect". Nature. 240 (5383): 572. Bibcode:1972Natur.240..572P. doi:10.1038/240572a0. PMID 4568407. S2CID 30778901.
- Kay, Alan (1970). "Avery, Oswald T.". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 342–343. ISBN 0-684-10114-9.
- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir