Talk:Turkic languages

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Native speakers by country[change source]

See the main article: Turkic peoples
Further information: List of countries by spoken languages § Turkic languages

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1] [2]

Number Country Speakers (ml) Major Speakers Languages
1  Turkey 55 - 65 Turkish language - Azerbaijani language
2  Uzbekistan 25 - 30 Uzbek language - Kazakh language
3  Iran 13 - 15 Azerbaijani language - Qashqai language
4  Kazakhstan 13 - 14 Kazakh language - Uzbek language
5  China 10 - 12 Uyghur language - Kazakh language
6  Azerbaijan 9 - 10 Azerbaijani language - Turkish language
7  Russia 9 - 10 Tatar language - Bashkir language - Sakha language
8  Kyrgyzstan 5.5 - 6 Kyrgyz language - Uzbek language
9  Turkmenistan 4.5 - 5 Turkmen language - Uzbek language
10  European Union 4 - 5 Turkish language - Azerbaijani language
11  Afghanistan 3 - 4 Uzbek language - Turkmen language
12  Iraq 1 - 2 Azerbaijani language - Turkish language
13  Tajikistan 1 - 1.5 Uzbek language - Kyrgyz language
14  United States 0.5 - 1 Turkish language - Azerbaijani language
15  Syria 0.5 - 1 Azerbaijani language - Turkish language
- Rest of World 0.5 - 1 Turkish language - Azerbaijani language
Total Turkic languages 170 - 180 Turkish language - Uzbek language

Endangered Turkic languages[change source]

Main articles: Endangered language and Lists of endangered languages

An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a dead language.

25 endangered Turkic languages exist in the world. The number of speakers are derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[3] [4]

Number Name Status Speakers Main Country
1 Bashkir language Vulnerable 1,500,000  Russia
2 Chuvash language Vulnerable 1,200,000  Russia
3 Khorasani Turkic language Vulnerable 1,000,000  Iran
4 Crimean Tatar language Severely endangered 600,000  Ukraine
5 Kumyk language Vulnerable 450,000  Russia
6 Yakut language Vulnerable 400,000  Russia
7 Karachay-Balkar language Vulnerable 400,000  Russia
8 Tuvan language Vulnerable 300,000  Russia
9 Urum language Definitely endangered 200,000  Ukraine
10 Gagauz language Critically endangered 150,000  Moldova
11 Siberian Tatar language Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia
12 Nogai language Definitely endangered 100,000  Russia
13 Salar language Vulnerable 70,000  China
14 Altai language Severely endangered 60,000  Russia
15 Khakas language Definitely endangered 50,000  Russia
16 Khalaj language Vulnerable 20,000  Iran
17 Äynu language Critically endangered 6,000  China
18 Western Yugur language Severely endangered 5,000  China
19 Shor language Severely endangered 3,000  Russia
20 Dolgan language Definitely endangered 1,000  Russia
21 Krymchak language Critically endangered 200  Israel
22 Tofa language Critically endangered 100  Russia
23 Karaim language Critically endangered 100  Ukraine
24 Ili Turki language Severely endangered 100  China
25 Chulym language Critically endangered 50  Russia

Russia[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Russia and Languages of Russia

14 endangered Turkic languages exist in Russia:[5] [6]

Number Name Status Speakers
1 Bashkir language Vulnerable 1,500,000
2 Chuvash language Vulnerable 1,200,000
3 Crimean Tatar language Severely endangered 600,000
4 Kumyk language Vulnerable 450,000
5 Yakut language Vulnerable 400,000
6 Karachay-Balkar language Vulnerable 400,000
7 Tuvan language Vulnerable 300,000
8 Siberian Tatar language Definitely endangered 100,000
9 Nogai language Definitely endangered 100,000
10 Altai language Severely endangered 60,000
11 Khakas language Definitely endangered 50,000
12 Shor language Severely endangered 3,000
13 Dolgan language Definitely endangered 1,000
14 Tofa language Critically endangered 100
15 Chulym language Critically endangered 50
16 Karaim language Critically endangered 100
  • The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.

Ukraine[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Europe and Languages of Ukraine
Number Name Status Speakers
1 Urum language Definitely endangered 200,000
  • The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.

China[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in China and Languages of China
See the main article: Salar language

In Qinghai (Amdo), the Salar language has a heavy Chinese and Tibetan influence.[7] Although of Turkic origin, major linguistic structures have been absorbed from Chinese. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin, and 10% is also of Tibetan origin. Yet the official Communist Chinese government policy deliberately covers up these influences in academic and linguistics studies, trying to emphasize the Turkic element and completely ignoring the Chinese in the Salar language.[8] The Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring varieties of Chinese.[9] It is neighboring variants of Chinese which have loaned words to the Salar language.[9] In Qinghai, many Salar men speak both the Qinghai dialect of Chinese and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar fluently while urban Salars often assimilate into the Chinese speaking Hui population.[10]

Number Name Status Speakers
1 Salar language Vulnerable 70,000
2 Äynu language Critically endangered 6,000
3 Western Yugur language Severely endangered 5,000
4 Ili Turki language Severely endangered 100
  • The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.

Iran[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Asia and Languages of Iran
See the main article: Khorasani Turkic language
See the main article: Khalaj language

Khorasani Turkic, is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in northern North Khorasan Province and Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[11] [12]

The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious.[13] Although it contains lot of arhaic Old Turkic elements, it became widely Persianized.[14][15]

Number Name Status Speakers
1 Khorasani Turkic language Vulnerable 1,000,000
2 Khalaj language Vulnerable 20,000
  • The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.

Moldova[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Europe and Languages of Moldova
Number Name Status Speakers
1 Gagauz language Critically endangered 150,000
  • The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.

Israel[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Asia and Languages of Israel
Number Name Status Speakers
1 Krymchak language Critically endangered 200
  • The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.

Afghanistan[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Asia and Languages of Afghanistan

Many Turkic languages have gone extinct in Afghanistan. [16]

Iraq[change source]

Main articles: List of endangered languages in Asia and Languages of Iraq
See the main article: Iraqi Turkmens § Language

In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government adopted a policy of assimilation of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.[17] Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'th regime recognised that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.[18] Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the centre and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.[18]

Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".[19] In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kiruk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".[19]

As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.[20] Thus, ethnic cleansing was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.[21] Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;[21] school names, neighbourhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.[21] Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighbourhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.[21]

Extinct Turkic languages[change source]

Number Name Time of Extinct
- Proto Turkic Reconstructed language
1 Old Turkic 8th century
2 Old Anatolian Turkish 15th century
3 Pecheneg 12th century
4 Orkhon Turkic 13th century
5 Khazar 13th century
6 Old Uyghur 14th century
7 Khorezmian 14th century
8 Bulgar 14th century
9 Middle Turkic 15th century
10 Kipchak 17th century
11 Cuman 1770
12 Old Tatar 19th century
13 Fergana Kipchak 1920s
14 Chagatai 1921
15 Ottoman Turkish 1928
16 Fuyu Girgis 20th century
17 Dukhan 21st century

Famous Turkic Dialects[change source]

See the main article: Turkish dialects
Number Dialect Main Language
1 Salchuq dialect Turkish language
2 Rumelian dialect Turkish language
3 Cypriot dialect Turkish language
4 Afshar dialect Azerbaijani language
5 Sonqori dialect Azerbaijani language
6 Lop dialect Uyghur language
7 Baraba dialect Siberian Tatar language
  1. ↑ https://www.ethnologue.com/
  2. ↑ https://glottolog.org/
  3. ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
  4. ↑ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
  5. ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
  6. ↑ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
  7. ↑ Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Vol. Volume 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 58. ISBN 978-3110161588. ISSN 0933-761X. Retrieved 24 April 2014. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  8. ↑ William Safran (1998). William Safran (ed.). Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China. Vol. Volume 1 of Cass series—nationalism and ethnicity (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7146-4921-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.). The Handbook of Language Contact (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664. ISBN 978-1-4051-7580-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  10. ↑ Dwyer (2007:90)
  11. ↑ "Khorasani Turkish". Ethnologue.
  12. ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
  13. ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  14. ↑ [1]
  15. ↑ [2]
  16. ↑ "زبانهای بومی افغانستان در 'معرض خطر' اند".
  17. ↑ Jenkins 2008, 15.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 64.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 65.
  20. ↑ International Crisis Group 2006, 5.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 66.
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