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== Society ==
== Society ==

{|
|-
|{{|
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
![[Development regions of Romania|Development region]]
![[Area]] ([[Square kilometre|km<sup>2</sup>]])
![[Population]] (Census [[2011]])
![[List of cities and towns in Romania|Most populous urban center]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Nord-Est (development region)|Northeast]]
|36,850
|3,362,753
|[[Iaşi]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Vest (development region)|West]]
|32,028
|1,764,926
|[[Timişoara]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Nord-Vest (development region)|Northwest]]
|34,159
|2,568,806
|[[Cluj-Napoca]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Centru (development region)|Center]]
|34,082
|2,306,042
|[[Braşov]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Sud-Est (development region)|Southeast]]
|35,762
|2,519,688
|[[Constanţa]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Sud (development region)|South]]
|34,489
|3,064,403
|[[Ploieşti]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Bucharest-Ilfov (development region)|Bucharest-Ilfov]]
|1,811
|1,981,907
|[[Bucharest]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[Sud-Vest (development region)|Southwest]]
|29,212
|2,030,981
|[[Craiova]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| '''Romania'''
| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| '''238,391'''
| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]] '''19,599,506'''
| style="border-top:3px solid gray;"| '''[[Bucharest]] (1,628,426)'''
|}
Source: <ref>http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html</ref>
In [[2011]], Romania had a [[population]] of around 19,599,506 people<ref>http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html</ref> <ref>http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf</ref>. In 2002 [[Romanian]]s make up 89.5% of the population.<ref name="census">[http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/rezultate.html Official site of the results of the 2002 Census]</ref> There are a few other [[wikt:minority|minorities]] in Romania. [[Hungarians]] make up about 6.5% of the population in Romania. The [[Roma]]s make up about 2.5% of the people that live in Romania.<ref>2002 census data, based on [http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/tabele/t47.pdf Population by ethnicity], gives a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in the West and Turkish in Dobruja) for fear of discrimination. Many are not recorded at all, since they [http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf do not have ID cards]. International sources give higher figures than the official census([http://www.europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf [[UNDP]]'s Regional Bureau for Europe], [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTROMA/0,,contentMDK:20333806~menuPK:615999~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:615987,00.html World Bank], [http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf International Association for Official Statistics]).</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm usatoday: European effort spotlights plight of the Roma]</ref> A lot of Hungarians live in [[Transylvania]]. They also make up a big part of the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. [[Ukrainians]], [[Germans]], [[Lipovans]], [[Turks]], [[Tatars]], [[Serbs]], [[Slovaks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Croats]], [[Greeks]], [[Russians]], [[Jews]], [[Czechs]], [[Poles]], [[Italians]], [[Armenians]], and a few other {{broken wikt link|denomination|denominations}} make up the rest of the people of Romania.<ref name="census"/>
In [[2011]], Romania had a [[population]] of around 19,599,506 people<ref>http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html</ref> <ref>http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf</ref>. In 2002 [[Romanian]]s make up 89.5% of the population.<ref name="census">[http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/rezultate.html Official site of the results of the 2002 Census]</ref> There are a few other [[wikt:minority|minorities]] in Romania. [[Hungarians]] make up about 6.5% of the population in Romania. The [[Roma]]s make up about 2.5% of the people that live in Romania.<ref>2002 census data, based on [http://www.recensamant.ro/pagini/tabele/t47.pdf Population by ethnicity], gives a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in the West and Turkish in Dobruja) for fear of discrimination. Many are not recorded at all, since they [http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Romania.pdf do not have ID cards]. International sources give higher figures than the official census([http://www.europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf [[UNDP]]'s Regional Bureau for Europe], [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTROMA/0,,contentMDK:20333806~menuPK:615999~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:615987,00.html World Bank], [http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf International Association for Official Statistics]).</ref><ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-02-01-roma-europe_x.htm usatoday: European effort spotlights plight of the Roma]</ref> A lot of Hungarians live in [[Transylvania]]. They also make up a big part of the counties of [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]]. [[Ukrainians]], [[Germans]], [[Lipovans]], [[Turks]], [[Tatars]], [[Serbs]], [[Slovaks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Croats]], [[Greeks]], [[Russians]], [[Jews]], [[Czechs]], [[Poles]], [[Italians]], [[Armenians]], and a few other {{broken wikt link|denomination|denominations}} make up the rest of the people of Romania.<ref name="census"/>


Revision as of 11:58, 5 November 2011

Flag of Romania
CurrencyRomanian leu (RON)

Romania (old spelling: Rumania, Roumania; Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨˈni.a]) is a country in the southeast of Central Europe. It is north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube River. Part of Romania is circled by the Carpathian Mountains. It also has a border on the Black Sea.[3] Most of the Danube Delta is found inside Romania. Romania shares borders with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine to the far northeast, the Republic of Moldova to the near northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.

Romania is a semi-presidential unitary state. It was created when Moldavia and Wallachia joined together in 1859. It was given its independence in the Treaty of Berlin of 1878. At the end of World War II, some of its land (close by what is now known as Moldova) was occupied by the USSR. After the Iron Curtain fell in 1989, Romania started political and economical reforms that let Romania join the European Union on January 1, 2007.

Romania has the 9th biggest area of land and the 7th biggest population (with 19,5 million people[4] [5] of the European Union member states. The capital and biggest city in Romania is Bucharest (Romanian: București audio speaker icon/bu.kuˈreʃtʲ/ (help·info)), with a population of 1.6 million people[6]. One of the cities in Transylvania, Sibiu, was named a European Capital of Culture.[7] Romania joined NATO on March 29, 2004.

Origin

The word Romania (Rumania or România) comes from the Romanian word Român, which comes from the Latin word Romanus which means "Roman".[8][9] English texts still used the word Rumania during World War II. This came from the French word Roumanie.[10]

History

Prehistory and the Romans

The Roman province of Dacia in dark red, about 116 AD/CE.

Some of the oldest human remains found in Europe were discovered in Romania.[11] They were about 42,000 years old. This may have been when the first Homo sapiens came to Europe.[12]

The first written evidence of people living in what is now Romania comes from Herodotus in the fourth book of The Histories, written in about 440 BC/BCE. Herodotus wrote that the Getae were defeated by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great when he battled the Scythians.[13] The Getae were called the Dacians by the Romans. They were Thracians who were living in Dacia, which is where Romania, Moldova and the northern part of Bulgaria are now. The Dacians attacked the Roman province, the border of which was formed by the Danube, in 87 AD/CE. This was during Emperor Domitian's rule. The Dacians were defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two battles that lasted from 101 AD/CE until 106 AD/CE.[14] The Roman Empire made Dacia into the province of Roman Dacia.

A lot of ore, such as gold and silver, were found in Roman Dacia.[15] A lot of gold and silver were found in the Western Carpathians. Trajan went back to Rome with 165 tons (330,000 pounds) of gold and 330 tons (660,000 pounds) of silver after his conquest.

There were many Romans living in the province of Roman Dacia.[16] They spoke Vulgar Latin. They began to write the local languages using the Latin alphabet. Writing languages with the Latin alphabet is called romanization. This became the first version of Romanian.[17][18]

In the 3rd century, the province was attacked by groups of nomadic people like the Goths. They made the Roman Empire leave Dacia about 271 AD/CE. This became the Roman Empire's first abandoned province.[19][20]

The origin of modern Romanians is widely talked about by historians to this day. It is thought that the Romanians were formed from big ethnic groups that came from both the south and north parts of the Danube.[21]

Dark Ages and Middle Ages

Bran Castle was built in 1212.

From 271 to 275, the Goths took over the abandoned Roman province.[22] They lived in Dacia until the 4th century, when another group of wandering peoples, the Huns, came to Dacia.[23] The Gepids,[24][25] Avars, with the Slavic people,[26] were in control of Transylvania through the 8th century. In the 8th century, however, the country was taken over by the Bulgarians.[24] It was made part of the First Bulgarian Empire, which ended Romania's Dark Ages.

The Bulgarians held Transylvania until the 11th century. The Pechenegs,[27] the Cumans,[28] and the Uzes were a few of the people later noted in the history of Romania.

In 1310, now called the High Middle Ages, Basarab I started the Romanian principality of Wallachia.[29] Moldavia was begun by Dragoş around 1352.[30] During the Middle Ages, Romanians were living in three different areas: Wallachia (Romanian: Ţara Românească—"Romanian Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova), and Transylvania.

Transylvania belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary from around the 10th century until the 16th century,[31] when it turned into the Principality of Transylvania.[32] This lasted until 1711.[33] Wallachia had been on the border of the Ottoman Empire since the 14th century. As the Ottoman Empire's influence grew, it gradually fell under the suzerainty (control) of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.

The best known ruler of this period was Vlad III the Impaler, also known as Vlad Dracula, or Vlad Ţepeş, IPA: ['tsepeʃ], Prince of Wallachia, during the years of 1448, 1456–62, and 1476.[34][35] While he was the leader of his people, he had an agreement with the Ottoman Empire to stay independent. Many people in Romania during this time thought of him as a ruler with a great sense of justice[36] and defense for his country.

Moldavia was at its greatest when Stephen the Great was ruling between 1457 and 1504.[37] He was a great military leader, winning 47 battles and losing only 2.[38] After every battle he won, Stephen would build a church. Because he won 47 of the battles that he fought, he ended up building 48 churches.[39] After Stephen the Great's death, Moldavia came under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century.

Independence and monarchy

When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was in control of Transylvania, and the Ottoman Empire was in control of Wallachia and Moldavia, almost all of the Romanians were second-class citizens or non-citizens.[40] They stayed this way even when they made up most of the people in those areas.[41][42]

After Wallachian Revolution of 1821 as in the 1830s was addressed nationalists thoughts and feelings into Romania and became called "National awakening of Romania'"'. Even then adopted a 3-colored flag, blue-yellow-red, which was later to become a Flag of Romania.

After the even more violent Revolution of 1848 did not succeed, so explained the Great Powers did not like the idea of Romania becoming a free nation.

The people who voted in 1859 in Moldavia and Wallachia picked the same person – Alexandru Ioan Cuza – to be the prince in those areas.[43] He managed to unite the people and nationalism was seen as a useful method.

Alexandru Ioan Cuza walked with cautious steps he was not proclaiming a declaration of independence immediately because he knew it would bring a new war. Instead he let Moldavia and Wallachia merged in the United Principalities of the Ottoman Empire and increasing self-government to a greater degree.

The new union was at the front of today's Romania. With cautious steps we freed itself more and Bucharest was established as the capital. However, farmers had more land when serfdom was abolished, which led to a coup against the Alexandru Ioan Cuza staged by peasants who overthrew the regime.

Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became the new leader, and was later called Prince Carol I of Romania. While the Russo-Turkish War was happening, Romania battled on the Russian side.[44] When the Treaty of Berlin of 1878[45] was signed, the Great Powers made Romania an independent state.[46] In return, they had to give Russia three of their southern districts of Bessarabia. In 1881, the principality became a kingdom, with Prince Carol ruling as King Carol I.

The World Wars and Greater Romania

World War I

When World War I started in August of 1914, Romania said it was a neutral country. In 1916, after pressure from the Allies, Romania joined the Allies. Romania then started a war against Austria-Hungary.[47]

Romanian Army officers in World War I.

The Romanian military campaign ended in disaster for Romania after the invading forces were stopped in 1917. High mortality among military and civilians were estimated. Moldova was one of the only parts of Romania that was not captured when it stopped its attackers in 1917. By the time World War I was over, Austria-Hungary had been weakened and an independent Hungarian republic was proclaimed. This allowed Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania to become part of the Kingdom of Romania in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920, Hungary, as agreed, gave up the claims of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy over Transylvania.[48] Romania and Bukovina were joined together in 1919 as a result of the Treaty of Saint Germain.[49] Bessarabia joined with Romania in 1920 when the Treaty of Paris was signed.[50]

Greater Romania

The period after World War I and was characterized by large land gains and strong nationalism. The small and fresh Kingdom Romania was expanded with ("major Transylvania"), principalities Wallachia, Moldavia and Bessarabia (Moldova) together formed the "Greater Romania" 1918-1940. But "Greater Romania" did not survive World War II with the great competition of landmarks in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

Romanians called their country România Mare, meaning Greater Romania, in the time between World War I and World War II. They called it România Mare because Romania was in control of almost 300,000 square kilometres (115,831 sq mi)[51] of land. When taken from the Romanian language, România Mare means Great Romania. However, it is usually translated to English as Greater Romania instead.

The economic crisis of 1929 meant social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. In several cases against the Romanian state to violent strikes and riots, especially miners' strike in 1929 in Valea Jiului and strike in Griviţas maintenance workshops. By the mid-1930s, recovering Romania's economy, and industry grew, although about 80% of Romanians still were engaged in agriculture.

Iron Guard

While the 1930s were, became Romania's democracy against the fascist dictatorship.

During the interwar period fascist movement grew Archangel Michael Legion known as the Iron Guard organization led by Corneliu Codreanu Zelea. The 1937 election gave the party fully supported Adolf Hitler and Nazism and got 15.5% of the votes and became one of the biggest party. Then came Carol II of Romania. and ruined it all in 1938 he seized power over Romania, he dissolved all political parties. Carol II of Romania executed Corneliu Codreanu Zelea along with 12 other leaders.

World War II

Soldiers marching in Constanta in 1941.

The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact of 23 August 1939, expressed among other things, the Soviet Union an "interest" in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and northern part of Transylvania.

In World War II, King Carol II of Romania declared the country neutral. Even after Armand Călinescu death tried to King Carol II of Romania to maintain neutrality.

However, on June 28, 1940, a Soviet it received ultimatum with an implied threat of invade Romania in the event of non-compliance. That Romania was the decay can be attributed to the Soviet Union in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

In Soviet pressure, forced the Romanian administration and the army to retreat from Bessarabia and from Northern Bukovina to avoid war. [52][53]

This, in combination with other factors, prompted the romanian government to join the Hitler's Germany. Thereafter, southern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria, while Hungary received Northern Transylvania as a result of an Axis arbitration.[54]

Horia Sima Deputy Prime Minister but now also leader of the Iron Guard joined forces in a military junta with Ion Antonescu and formed Statului National Legions (about National Legions state).

The authoritarian King Carol II abdicate in 1940 and the Romanian royal family was thrown outside the Romanian borders.

The national legionary state took over command, in which power was shared with a coalition government between Ion Antonescu and Horia Sima Iron Guard. Ion Antonescu, was dictatorial rights. Antonescu appointed himself conducător, Romania's dictator. Antonescu had overestimated his power and the Nazi government put pressure cohesion to the test and the coalition collapsed and civil war broke out between Horia Sima Iron Guard and Antonescu's regime.

Within a few months with support from the German Wehrmacht did Iron Guard members of the government and driven exile. Once in power, was driven by a series of Pogroms and political attacks.

Romania allied with Nazi Germany. During the war, Romania was the major trading priest for the oil to Nazi Germany.[55] This made it an important target for many bombing raids (where airplanes attempted to drop bombs on important places) by the Allies.

Romanian troops fought with the German Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa. And the landmarks of the Romanian administration retreated from earlier recovered. The Romanian military campaign criticized when forces went too far in the Soviet Union and caused a devastation.

Just over three weeks after Nazi Germany and Romania's attack on the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, had begun on June 22 was "The Final Solution of the Jewish question" front.

Romania participated in the Holocaust. The book The Destruction of the European Jews Raul Hilberg writes: "There was / ... / moment when the Germans actually had to intervene and slow the speed with which the Romanian measures were taken." The hunt for Jews in eastern Romania (including Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transnistria and the city of Iasi) had more the character of pogroms than the German, well-organized camps and transport.

Jewish victims of the Holocaust in Romania amounted to 469,000, including 325,000 Jewish victims of Bessarabia and Bukovina. But after losses against the Soviets in 1943 in Battle of Stalingrad turned public opinion in the country against Antonescu. In August 1944, won the Soviet Red Army decisive blow against the Axis troops in Romania whose leadership declared that they withdrew from the Axis forces and opened their borders to Soviet troops.

In August 1944, returned Michael I of Romania with the support of a political majority and Antonescu was deposed and he was imprisoned. On August 23, 1944 reached the Red Army advanced in Romania.

Ion Antonescu was then the Soviet Union and was in the May 1946 trial in Bucharest accused of having supported Nazi Germany during World War II. He was found guilty and sentenced to death, along with the country's deputy prime minister, foreign minister, governor of Transnistria, police chief and interior minister. All of them much of the Romanian government officials were executed by the Soviet Union June 1, 1946 at Jilavafängelset the outskirts of Bucharest.

[56] [57] [58]

Romania and communism

The coat of arms of the Communist party in Romania.

Michael I abdicated the throne and had to leave Romania in 1947 because of the Communists. Romania changed from a monarchy into a republic.[59][60] The USSR occupied Romania until the late 1950s, when Soviet troops left Romania. During this time, resources in Romania were taken by the Soviet Union due to agreements made by Communist leaders.

After the Soviet troops left Romania, Nicolae Ceauşescu wanted Romania to become more independent from Moscow. Romania started following slightly different foreign policies than Moscow. After the Six-Day War in 1967, Romania began talks with Israel and started relations with the Federal Republic of Germany.[61] Romania started to have their own relations with Arab countries. Romania officials were allowed to participate in peace talks between Israel and Egypt and between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization.[62]

The amount of money that Romania owed to other countries went from $3 billion to almost $10 billion between 1977 and 1981.[63] The amount of money that Romania owed other countries caused them to rely on banks and other lenders from around the world. President Nicolae Ceauşescu's autarchic ways meant he did not want to rely on other countries and Romania paid back money borrowed from other countries. This affected the Romanian economy. To try to stay in power, Ceauşescu had anyone who disagreed with him arrested and put in prison.[64] Many people were killed or hurt. Almost 60,000 people were put in psychiatric hospitals.[65][66] Ceauşescu eventually lost power and was killed in the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

1989 to 2004

A picture of Ion Iliescu taken in 2004.

In 1989, the National Salvation Front came into power. It was led by Ion Iliescu. When they came into power, several other parties from before World War II were remade. These included the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party, the National Liberal Party and the Romanian Social Democrat Party. In April 1990, as a result of several rallies, protests started. The people who protested did not recognize the results of the election. This was because they thought that members of the National Salvation Front were communists. More and more people protested, and it became a demonstration – a very big protest. This was called the Golaniad, and it became very violent.

When the National Salvation Front lost power, several other parties were made. These were the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic Party, and a couple of other parties from before the war. The Social Democratic Party ruled Romania from 1990 until 1996. Ion Iliescu was the head of state, or person in charge. After 1996, several other parties came into power and lost it. In 2004, Traian Băsescu became the president.

After the Cold War, Romania became closer friends with Western Europe. In 2004, Romania joined NATO and hosted the 2008 summit.[67] The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a member on January 1, 2007.[68]

Geography

See the main article: Geography of Romania
A physical map of Romania.

Romania is in southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea and the Danube River. The Carpathian Mountains lie in the center.

Romania is the biggest country in southeast Europe by population. It has an area of 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi).[69] It is the twelfth-largest country in Europe. Most of Romania's border with Serbia and Bulgaria is made by the Danube. The Danube joins the Prut River. The Prut River makes the Moldovan–Romanian border. The Danube then flows into the area of the Black Sea inside Romania. This makes the Danube Delta. The delta is a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.[70] Some of the other major rivers in Romania are the Siret, the Olt, and the Mureş. The Siret River runs from the north to the south of Moldavia. The Olt River runs from the Carpathian Mountains to Oltenia. The Mureş runs through Transylvania from the east to the west.

Landscape

The land in Romania is made up of equal parts of mountains, hills, and low-lying areas. The Carpathian Mountains make up a big part of the center of Romania. Fourteen of its mountain ranges are taller than 2,000 m (6,562 ft). The tallest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak, with a peak altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft).[71]

Rivers

The Danube is the longest river in Romania. Its length inside Romania is about 1,000 kilometres (621 mi). That is almost half of the length of the entire Danube. Almost all of the rivers in Romania are either direct or indirect tributaries of the Danube.

Weather

Landscape in the Danube Delta.

Romania has a climate that changes between temperate and continental climates. The reason for the climate changes is because Romania is near the coast. Romania has four different seasons. The average temperature during the year is 11 °C (51.8 °F) in southern Romania and 8 °C (46.4 °F) in the northern part.[72]

Lots of rain and snow falls on the highest western mountains. Most of this falls as snow. In the southern parts of the country, the amount of rain and snow that falls is around 60 centimetres (23.6 in).[73]

The lowest temperature ever taken in Romania was −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F), at Braşov in 1944.[74] The highest temperature ever recorded in Romania was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F), near Calafat in the 1950s.[74]

Society

Development region Area (km2) Population (Census 2011) Most populous urban center
Northeast 36,850 3,362,753 Iaşi
West 32,028 1,764,926 Timişoara
Northwest 34,159 2,568,806 Cluj-Napoca
Center 34,082 2,306,042 Braşov
Southeast 35,762 2,519,688 Constanţa
South 34,489 3,064,403 Ploieşti
Bucharest-Ilfov 1,811 1,981,907 Bucharest
Southwest 29,212 2,030,981 Craiova
Romania 238,391 19,599,506 Bucharest (1,628,426)

Source: [75] [76] In 2011, Romania had a population of around 19,599,506 people[77] [78]. In 2002 Romanians make up 89.5% of the population.[79] There are a few other minorities in Romania. Hungarians make up about 6.5% of the population in Romania. The Romas make up about 2.5% of the people that live in Romania.[80][81] A lot of Hungarians live in Transylvania. They also make up a big part of the counties of Harghita and Covasna. Ukrainians, Germans, Lipovans, Turks, Tatars, Serbs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Russians, Jews, Czechs, Poles, Italians, Armenians, and a few other denominations make up the rest of the people of Romania.[79]

Language and culture

The official language of Romania is Romanian. The Romanian language is an Eastern Romance language.

Romania has its own culture because of where it is found. It is the point where 3 different areas meet: Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. Romanian culture is a mix of all these areas.[82] The culture of Romania was influenced by the Greeks, Romans, and Slavs.[83]

Religion

St. Michael's Church located in Cluj-Napoca, the third largest city in Romania.

Romania is a secular state. This means Romania has no national religion. The biggest religious group in Romania is the Romanian Orthodox Church. It is an autocephalous church inside of the Eastern Orthodox communion. In 2002, this religion made up 86.7% of the population. Other religions in Romania include Roman Catholicism (4.7%), Protestantism (3.7%), Pentecostalism (1.5%) and the Romanian Greek-Catholicism (0.9%).[79]

Cities

Bucharest is the capital of Romania. It also is the biggest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.9 million people.[84]

There are 5 other cities in Romania that have a population of more than 300,000 people. These are Iaşi, Cluj-Napoca, Timişoara, Constanţa, and Craiova. Romania also has 5 cities that have more than 200,000 people living in them: Galaţi, Braşov, Ploieşti, Brăila, and Oradea.

Thirteen other cities in Romania have a population of more than 100,000 people.[85]

Economy

Tower Center International, located in Bucharest, is the tallest building in Romania.

Romania joined the European Union on January 1, 2007. Romania's economy is healthy. Currently, Romania makes around $264 billion in Gross domestic product and a GDP per capita of $12,285.[86] This has not always been the case, though.

After the communists left Romania in 1989, the economy was in very bad shape. Many people were not able to find jobs. The economy was in need of help. The bad economy lasted for about 10 years. In 2000, Romania's leaders finally started making changes to the economy and the system. People started being able to work again and inflation went down.

Government

Politics

The Constitution of Romania is found to be based from the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic.[87] It was passed into law on December 8, 1991. after a referendum was held.[87] 73 amendments were added to the constitution in October of 2003 to bring the constitution of Romania up to code with the constitution of the European Union.

The legislative branch of the Romanian government is known as the Parliament. It contains two chambers – the Senate, containing 140 members, and the Chamber of Deputies, which has 346 members.[87] The members of both chambers are elected every four years through party-list proportional representation.[87]

The judicial branch of the Romanian government is separate from the other branches. It is made up of a system of courts. The court with the most authority is the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which is the supreme court of Romania.[88] Other courts, including appeal, county, and local courts also make up the judicial branch of the Romanian Governemnt. The way the system of courts works in Romania is modelled off of the French model of law.[87][89] It is based on civil law.

Divisions

Romania is divided into 41 counties, including the municipality of Bucharest, which is also its own county.

Romania is divided further into 319 cities and 2,686 communes.[90] Each of the communes has its own council that is led by a mayor.

Army

The Romanian Army is made up of Land, Air, and Naval Forces, which are all led by a Commander-in-chief. The commander-in-chief is given orders by the Ministry of Defense. During war, the President leads the Army. 90,000 people are enrolled in the Romanian Army at last count: 15,000 civilians and 75,000 military people. Of the 75,000 military personnel in the Romanian Army, 45,800 are in the land forces, 13,250 are in the air forces, 6,800 are in the naval forces, and 8,800 in other areas of the military[91].

Other pages

References

  1. ↑ http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html
  2. ↑ http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf
  3. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport
  4. ↑ http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html
  5. ↑ http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf
  6. ↑ http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf
  7. ↑ "Report on the Nominations from Luxembourg and Romania for the European Capital of Culture 2007". The Selection Panel for the European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2007. 2004-04-05. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  8. ↑ Kelley L. Ross (2003). "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History". The Proceedings of the Friesian School. Retrieved 2008-01-13. Note: The Vlach Connection {{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Wolff, Robert Lee (1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies). 23 (1): 1–34. Retrieved 2008-01-13. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Map of Southern Europe, 1942-1945 from the United States Army Center of Military History via the University of Texas at Austin Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
  11. ↑ Trinkaus, E. (2003), "Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase" (PDF), Journal of Human Evolution, 45: 245–253, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003, retrieved 2008-01-10
  12. ↑ Zilhão, João (2006), "Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters", Evolutionary Anthropology, 15: 183–195, doi:10.1002/evan.20110, retrieved 2008-01-10
  13. ↑ Herodotus (1859), The Ancient History of Herodotus By Herodotus, Derby & Jackson, pp. 213–217, retrieved 2008-01-10 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |digitized= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translation= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions, De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors, retrieved 2008-01-10
  15. ↑ "Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire". United Nations of Roma Victor. Retrieved 2008-01-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |text= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Deletant, Dennis (1995). Colloquial Romanian. New York: Routledge. p. 1.
  17. ↑ Matley, Ian (1970). Romania; a Profile. Praeger. p. 85.
  18. ↑ Giurescu, Constantin C. (1972). The Making of the Romanian People and Language. Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House. pp. 43, 98–101, 141.
  19. ↑ Eutropius (1886). Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History. London: George Bell and Sons. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ↑ Watkins, Thayer. "The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire". The Emperor Aurelian recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and around 271 A.D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe
  21. ↑ Ghyka, Matila (1841). "A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History". Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd. Archived from the original on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  22. ↑ Jordanes (551 AD/CE). Getica, sive, De Origine Actibusque Gothorum. Constantinople. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  23. ↑ Iliescu, Vl.; Paschale, Chronicon (1970), Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae, vol. II, Bucureşti, pp. 363, 587{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Teodor, Dan Gh. (1995). Istoria României de la începuturi până în secolul al VIII-lea. Vol. 2. Bucureşti. pp. 294–325.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ↑ Bóna, István (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), History of Transylvania: II.3. The Kingdom of the Gepids, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  26. ↑ Bóna, István (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), History of Transylvania: II.4. The Period of the Avar Rule, vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  27. ↑ Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus (950). Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio. Constantinople.
  28. ↑ Xenopol, Alexandru D. (1896), Histoire des Roumains, vol. i, Paris, p. 168{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ↑ Ştefănescu, Ştefan (1991), Istoria medie a României, vol. I, Bucharest, p. 114{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ↑ Predescu, Lucian (1940), Enciclopedia Cugetarea
  31. ↑ Makkai, László (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), History of Transylvania: III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526), vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  32. ↑ Köpeczi, Béla, ed. (2001), History of Transylvania: IV. The First Period of the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1606), vol. 1, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  33. ↑ Várkonyi, Ágnes R. (2001), Köpeczi, Béla (ed.), History of Transylvania: VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711), vol. 2, New York: Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |distributor= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  34. ↑ Schoolfield, George C. (2004). A Baedeker of Decadence: Charting a Literary Fashion, 1884-1927. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300047142.
  35. ↑ Tepes: The Historical Dracula
  36. ↑ Count Dracula's Legend, 2006
  37. ↑ Marek, Miroslav, Rulers of Moldavia: Mushati family
  38. ↑ St. Stephen the Great Charitable Trust
  39. ↑ Orthodox Church in America, St. Stephen the Great - Commemorated on July 2
  40. ↑ The Magyarization Process, GenealogyRO Group
  41. ↑ Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (1999), Ethnic structure of the population on the present territory of Transylvania (1880-1992)
  42. ↑ Kocsis, Karoly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (2001), Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications, p. 102, ISBN 193131375X
  43. ↑ Bobango, Gerald J (1979), The emergence of the Romanian national State, New York: Boulder, ISBN 9780914710516
  44. ↑ Template:Ru icon San Stefano Preliminary Treaty, 1878
  45. ↑ Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Excerpts on the Balkans, Berlin, July 13, 1878{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  46. ↑ Patterson, Michelle (August 1996), "The Road to Romanian Independence", Canadian Journal of History
  47. ↑ Horne, Charles F. (Horne). "Ion Bratianu's Declaration of War Delivered to the Austrian Minister in Romania on August 28, 1916". Source Records of the Great War. Retrieved 2008-08-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  48. ↑ "Text of the Treaty of Trianon". World War I Document Archive. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  49. ↑ Bernard Anthony Cook (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor&Francis. p. 162. ISBN 0815340575. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  50. ↑ Malbone W. Graham (1944). "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia". The American Journal of International Law. 38 (4). American Society of International Law. Retrieved 2008-08-31. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  51. ↑ "Statul National Unitar (România Mare 1919 - 1940)publisher=ici.ro" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  52. ↑ Goma, Paul (2006). Săptămâna Roşie. p. 23. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  53. ↑ Nagy-Talavera, Nicolas M. (1970). Green Shirts and Others: a History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press. p. 305.
  54. ↑ Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu (2002). Istoria Românilor între anii 1918-1940 (in Romanian). University of Bucharest. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ "The Biggest Mistakes In World War 2:Ploesti - the most important target". Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  56. ↑ Eugen Tomiuc (May 6, 2005). "World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  57. ↑ Michael Clodfelter (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000 (2 ed.). p. 582. ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
  58. ↑ "Romania: Country studies - Chapter 1.7.1 "Petru Groza's Premiership"". Federal research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  59. ↑ "Romania". CIA - The World Factbook. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  60. ↑ "Romania - Country Background and Profile". ed-u.com. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  61. ↑ "Romania: Soviet Union and Eastern Europe". Country Studies.us. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  62. ↑ "Middle East policies in Communist Romania". Country Studies.us. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  63. ↑ Deletant, Dennis. "New Evidence on Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955-1989". Cold War International History Project e-Dossier Series. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  64. ↑ Caraza, Grigore (2004). Aiud însângerat (in Romanian). Vol. Chapter IV. Editura Vremea XXI. ISBN 9736450503.
  65. ↑ "Cartea albă a Securităţii". Vol. 2. S.R.I. 1997.
  66. ↑ Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1961-09-30). "Speech at the Plenary session of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party'".
  67. ↑ "NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members". NATO. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  68. ↑ "EU approves Bulgaria and Romania". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  69. ↑ "ROMANIA, SERBIA". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  70. ↑ "Danube Delta". UNESCO's World Heritage Center. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  71. ↑ "Geography Statistics > Tallest mountains > Mountain". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  72. ↑ "Romania: Climate". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
  73. ↑ Template:Ro iconThe 2004 Yearbook (PDF), Romanian National Institute of Statistics, retrieved 2008-08-19
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Climate of Romania". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  75. ↑ http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf
  76. ↑ http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html
  77. ↑ http://www.agerpres.ro/english/index.php/news-of-the-day/item/89649-Almost-196-ml-people-registered-in-Romanias-Population-and-Homes-Census.html
  78. ↑ http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5CRPL%5CInformare_1nov2011.pdf
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Official site of the results of the 2002 Census
  80. ↑ 2002 census data, based on Population by ethnicity, gives a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania. This figure is disputed by other sources, because at the local level, many Roma declare a different ethnicity (mostly Romanian, but also Hungarian in the West and Turkish in Dobruja) for fear of discrimination. Many are not recorded at all, since they do not have ID cards. International sources give higher figures than the official census(UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe, World Bank, International Association for Official Statistics).
  81. ↑ usatoday: European effort spotlights plight of the Roma
  82. ↑ Romania - Culture
  83. ↑ "Sicilian Peoples: The Romans". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  84. ↑ Gazetteer: Population of the largest cities and towns in Romania
  85. ↑ Population in Romania 1 July 2007 ([dead link] – Scholar search) (in Romanian), Romanian National Institute of Statistics, retrieved 2008-02-13 {{citation}}: External link in |format= (help)
  86. ↑ "IMF World Economic Outlook April 2008 - Central and Eastern Europe". IMF. 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 Romania. Vol. 2 (48 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 2007. pp. 3734–3759. ISBN 9781857434125. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |encyclopedia= ignored (help)
  88. ↑ "Presentation". High Court of Cassation and Justice - —Romania. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  89. ↑ "Romanian Legal system". CIA Factbook. 2000. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
  90. ↑ "Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005" (PDF) (in Romanian). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-08-19. {{cite web}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  91. ↑ "Press conference" (Press release). Ministry of National Defense of Romania. 2003-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

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