Battle of Wilson's Creek
The Battle of Wilson's Creek, also called the "Bull Run of the West", was a battle of the American Civil War.[1] It was the first battle that took place west of the Mississippi River. Nathaniel Lyon, the Union general, was the first general killed in the Civil war.[2]
Prelude to the battle[change | change source]
During the summer of 1861, the Union and Confederate Armies were both trying to control Missouri.[3] By the second week of July 1861, the Union Army of the West commanded by Brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon, camped at Springfield, Missouri.[4] In total, he had about 5,400 soldiers in his command.[4]
About 75 miles to the southwest of Springfield, the pro-Southern Missouri State Guard were camped. They were under the command of Major general Sterling Price.[a] Price was joined by Confederate generals Benjamin McCulloch and Nicholas Bartlett Pearce. Combined their forces numbered about 12,000.[4] In late July both forces started moving closer to together, each army trying to learn what they could about the other. There was a skirmish at Dug Springs, Missouri on August 2.[4] This is near present-day Clever, Missouri. The Union forces won but this is when Lyon realized the Confederates had more than twice the forces he had.[4] The Union forces retreated back to Springfield.
The battle[change | change source]
On August 9, 1861, Lyon marched his troops from Springfield to where the Confederates were now camped at Wilson Creek.[4] His plan called for Colonel Franz Sigel[b] to do a flanking maneuver on the Confederates and attack them from their rear.[4] The rest of Lyon's forces would attack from the north.
On August 10, Sigel's flanking maneuver surprised the Confederate army.[4] It allowed the Union army an early advantage. The two armies fought fiercely in the fields and hills around Wilson's Creek. After six hours of fighting and numerous casualties on both sides, the Union forces withdrew. Siegel's attack had at first proved very successful, but fell apart when he mistook the Confederate 3rd Louisiana for federal troops and allowed them to get too close without being challenged.[4]
Three times the confederates attacked the Union line and failed to break through all three times.[3] During the battle, Lyon was killed and Major Samuel D. Sturgis[c] replaced him.[3] Meanwhile, Sigel's mistake had cost him the advantage and his forces were routed.[3] After the third attack at about 11:00 am, the Confederates withdrew. With his ammunition running low and his men exhausted he withdrew to Springfield. Too disorganized to follow, the Confederate army did not pursue. Technically, it was a victory for the Confederate Army since the Union Army left the field.[9] However, it can be considered a victory for the Union since they still kept control of Missouri.[10] The Confederate army called the battle of Wilson’s Creek, the Battle of “Oak Hill(s)”.[9]
Medal of Honor recipients[change | change source]
Five Union Soldiers received the Medal of Honor for their parts in the battle. They were:
- Nicholas Boquet, Private, awarded 16 February 1897[11]
- Lorenzo D. Immell, Corporal, awarded 19 July 1890[11]
- John Schofield, Major, awarded 2 July 1892[11]
- William M. Wherry, First Lieutenant, awarded 30 October 1895[11]
- Henry C. Wood, First Lieutenant, awarded 28 October 1893[11]
Notes[change | change source]
- ↑ Price was the former governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857.[5]
- ↑ Sigel was a German military officer who had joined the Union army.[6] Sigel was a key figure in recruiting German Americans to join the Union cause in 1861.[7] He later became a Union general but was only moderately successful.[7]
- ↑ Samuel Davis Sturgis was an American military officer. A graduate of West Point he served in the Mexican–American War.[8] After taking over command from Lyon, on March 1862 he was appointed brigadier general of volunteers, his date of rank to be from August 10, 1861, the day of the battle.[8]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ "Battle of Wilson's Creek". History/A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ "Nathaniel Lyon, Brigadier General, July 14, 1818 – August 10, 1861". Civil War Trust. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "The Battle of Wilson's Creek". Civil War Trust. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 "History of the Battle". Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ "Sterling Price". Civil War Trust. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ "Franz Sigel (1824 - 1902)". State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Thomas G. Clemens. "Franz Sigel (1824–1902)". Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Samuel Davis Sturgis; Brevet Major General and Colonel United States Army". arlingtoncemetery.net. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Facts About the Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1861" (PDF). National Park Service; U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ "Battle of Wilson's Creek Facts". Softschools.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Wilson's Creek Medal of Honor Recipients". National Park Service; U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 24 May 2016.