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Carbon monoxide

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carbon monoxide
Ball-and-stick model of carbon monoxide
Ball-and-stick model of carbon monoxide
Spacefill model of carbon monoxide
Spacefill model of carbon monoxide
model of carbon monoxide
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Carbon monoxide
Other names
Carbon monooxide
Carbonous oxide
Carbon(II) oxide
Carbonyl
Flue gas
Monoxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Beilstein Reference 3587264
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.010.118
EC Number
  • 211-128-3
Gmelin Reference 421
KEGG
MeSH Carbon+monoxide
RTECS number
  • FG3500000
UNII
UN number 1016
  • [C-]#[O+]
Properties
CO
Molar mass 28.010 g/mol
Appearance colorless gas
Odor odorless
Density 789 kg/m3, liquid
1.250 kg/m3 at 0 °C, 1 atm
1.145 kg/m3 at 25 °C, 1 atm
Melting point −205.02 °C (−337.04 °F; 68.13 K)
Boiling point −191.5 °C (−312.7 °F; 81.6 K)
27.6 mg/L (25 °C)
Solubility soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, benzene
kH 1.04 atm·m3/mol
−9.8·10−6 cm3/mol
1.0003364
0.122 D
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation ΔfHo298		 −110.5 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of
combustion ΔcHo298		 −283.4 kJ/mol
Standard molar
entropy So298		 197.7 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity, C 29.1 J/(K·mol)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
[1]
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasFlammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propaneInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
3
4
0
Flash point −191 °C (−311.8 °F; 82.1 K)
609 °C (1,128 °F; 882 K)
Explosive limits 12.5–74.2%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
8636 ppm (rat, 15 min)
5207 ppm (rat, 30 min)
1784 ppm (rat, 4 h)
2414 ppm (mouse, 4 h)
5647 ppm (guinea pig, 4 h)[2]
4000 ppm (human, 30 min)
5000 ppm (human, 5 min)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):[3]
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 50 ppm (55 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) C 200 ppm (229 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 1200 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0023
Related compounds
Related carbon oxides
 Carbon dioxide
Carbon suboxide
Oxocarbons
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.

The most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of "haunted" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.

Production

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Despite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered.[4] Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:

2C + O2 → 2CO

It can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke

C + H2O → CO + H2

Carbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called "synthesis gas" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.

During the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use wood gas. It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called generator, which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel.

References

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  1. ↑ Richard, Pohanish (2012). Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens (2 ed.). Elsevier. p. 572. ISBN 978-1-4377-7869-4. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  2. ↑ "Carbon monoxide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
  3. ↑ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0105". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  4. ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
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Other websites

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