Chinese loanwords

Chinese loanwords are loanwords borrowed into non-Chinese languages, especially East Asian languages. Since China introduced writing to the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages, each language had also borrowed many Chinese loanwords. Since all the languages have very different sound systems from each other, they all have different systems for pronouncing Chinese loanwords (though there are many words that sound similar to each other). These are called Sino-Xenic pronunciations. These are similar to how loanwords from Latin and French sound differently when spoken in English.

At one point, all these languages only wrote in Chinese characters. Today, Japanese is the only non-Chinese language that writes in Chinese characters in everyday life. Chinese characters, or kanji in Japanese, can be used to write both native Japanese words and Chinese loanwords. Today, Korean uses Chinese characters, or hanja in Korean, only for Chinese loanwords (when writing only in hangul is too ambiguous) and writing out one's own name. Today, Vietnamese does not use Chinese characters at all, but only uses the Latin alphabet, or chữ Quốc ngữ in Vietnamese. Chinese characters are only used as a decoration in Vietnam today, and they are studied by only a few Vietnamese.

Sino-Xenic pronunciations in different East Asian languages

This chart will compare the pronunciations of Chinese vocabulary terms in Mandarin, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.

Traditional Chinese character(s)	Mandarin	Japanese	Korean	Vietnamese	English meaning
茶	chá	cha	cha	trà	tea
中國	Zhōngguó	Chūgoku	Jungguk	Trung quốc	China
道教	Dàojiào	Dōkyō	Dogyo	Đạo giáo	Daoism
電話	diànhuà	denwa	jǒnhwa	điện thoại	telephone
大學	dàxué	daigaku	daehak	đại học	university
跆拳道	táiquándào	tekondō	taekwǒndo	Taekwondo	Taekwondo
拉麵	lāmiàn	rāmen	ramyǒn	ramen	ramen noodles
神	shén	kami	sin	thần	god, deity
杀人	shārén	satsujin	sal-in	giết người	murder
犬	quǎn	inu	gyeon	chó	dog