Dzungar Khanate
Zöün ɣar (Oirat) Зүүнгарын Хаант Улс (Mongolian language) | |
|---|---|
 Coat of arms
| |
 The furthest extent of the nation, in 1717. | |
| Capital | Yining, China |
| Official languages | Oirat, Chagatai language |
| Ethnic groups | Dzungar people |
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism |
| Demonym(s) | Dzungar |
| Government | |
• Batur Khong Tayiji | Erdeni Batur |
• Chechen Khong Tayiji | Sengge |
• Boshugtu Khan | Galdan |
| Tsewang Rabtan | |
| Galdan Tseren | |
| Tsewang Dorji Namjal | |
| Lama Darja | |
| Dawachi | |
| Amursana | |
| Legislature | Customary rules Khalkha-Oirat Ikh Tsaaz of 1640 |
| House of the Choros | |
| Establishment | 1634 |
| 1635 | |
| 1665–1720 | |
| 1680–1681 | |
| 1688–1758 | |
| 1717 | |
| 1720 | |
• Civil War | 1745–1755 |
• Qing conquest of Dzungar Khanate | 1755 |
• Amursana Rebellion | 1755–1757 |
| 1755–1758 | |
• Disestablishment | 1758 |
| Today part of | |
The Dzungar Khanate also known as the Kingdom of Eleuths[1] was the last "great" nomadic empire, according to Vasily Barthold,[2] which was led by the Oirats or specifically the Dzungar people, a Mongols residing in Western Mongolia. The nation was founded by Erdeni Batur in 1634[3] and collapsed from Qing invasion and a genocide in 1758.[4]
The Dzungars fought the Tsardom of Russia over border conflicts, series of war against the Kazakh Khanate,[5] the Qing dynasty,[6] Khoshut Khanate,[7] and more through out it's existence. The Dzungar Khanate was capable of mass production and manufactory of firearms, specifically muskets, cannons and ammunition by established early forms of industry.[8] The nation also engaged in frequent economic, military and political development by Galdan Boshugtu Khan, Tsewang Rabtan Khan, and the last Khan, Galdan Tseren Khan.[9]
The nation eventually collapsed in 1758, after Amursana attempted to rebel against the Qing dynasty, and brought the Dzungar genocide, which reduced the population by 80%.[4]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Walravens 2017, pp. 73–90.
- ↑ Barthold 1956, p. 165.
- ↑ Adle 2003, p. 146.
- 1 2 Martel 2018, p. 1583.
- ↑ Moiseev 1991, p. 43.
- ↑ Adle 2003, p. 148.
- ↑ Richardson 1984, p. 48-49.
- ↑ Bobrov 2007, p. 61-69.
- ↑ Spencer 2017, p. 179-184.
Bilbiography
[change | change source]Richardson, Hugh E (1984). 'Tibet and its History' Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Boston & London: Shambhala. ISBN 0-87773-376-7.
Bobrov, L.A (20 Jan 2007). "Чингис-хан:«Наука из первых рук»". Чингис-хан:«Наука из первых рук». 13 (1).
Walravens, Hartmut (15 June 2017). "Symbolism of sovereignty in the context of the Dzungar campaigns of the Qianlong emperor". Written Monuments of the Orient. 3 (1). doi:10.17816/wmo35126. ISSN 2410-0145.
Moiseev, Vladimir (1991). K. A. Pishchulina (ed.). The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries). Alma-Ata: Gylym; Institute of Uighur Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. p. 238.
Spencer, Haines (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)". Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies. 51. International Association of Mongolists: 170–185.
Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar. ISBN 978-8120820463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Barthold, V. V. (1956). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 162. ISBN 978-90-04-00149-7. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
Martel, Gordon (2018). The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy, 4 Volume Set. Wiley.
