Style or Ware: Mughal Label: This early Mughal period painting comes from an illustrated imperial manuscript of the Razmnama, a Persian translation of the great Hindu epic the Mahabharata. The Muslim Mughal emperor Akbar (reigned 1556– 1605), in whose reign this painting was completed, commissioned Persian translations of the Mahabharata and the other great Hindu epic, the Ramayana, to demonstrate his interest in learning more about Hindu religion and culture.

Three major illustrated copies of the Razmnama are known; these are dated to 1598– 1600, 1605, and 1616– 1617. This painting comes from the earliest of these manuscripts. One of the most remarkable features of this illustrated Razmnama is that it depicts many stories ancillary to the central narrative. The story told here is as follows: Daksha, father-in-law to the powerful Hindu deity Shiva, held a sacrificial ceremony to which he invited everyone but Shiva. At the ceremony, Daksha continued to insult Shiva. Enraged, Shiva’ s wrath became personified as Virabhadra, and he and his henchmen attacked the ceremony, breaking vessels, killing