Kingdom of Gwynedd

Kingdom of Gwynedd Teyrnas Gwynedd  (Welsh)
401–1283
Flag of Gwynedd (Aberffraw) Coat of arms
Anthem: Unbennaeth Prydain The Monarchy of Britain
Medieval kingdoms of Wales
Capital	Chester (?) Deganwy (6th century) Llanfaes (9th century) Aberffraw(9–13th century) Rhuddlan (11th century) Abergwyngregyn (12–13th century)
Common languages	Welsh, Latin
Religion	Celtic Christianity
Government	Monarchy
• 401–440	Cunedda
• 520–547	Maelgwn Gwynedd
• 625–634	Cadwallon ap Cadfan
• 844 – 878	Rhodri Mawr
• 1081–1137	Gruffudd ap Cynan
• 1137–1170	Owain Gwynedd
• 1195–1240	Llywelyn the Great
• 1253–1282	Llywelyn II
• 1282–1283	Dafydd III
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Sub-Roman Britain	401
• Declaration of the Principality of Wales	3 October 1283
Population
• c. 1271	200,000
Currency	ceiniog cyfreith ceiniog cwta
Preceded by Succeeded by Sub-Roman Britain Principality of Wales
Today part of	United Kingdom Wales
^ In Latin, Gwynedd was often referred to in official medieval charters and acts of the 13th century as Principatus Norwallia (Principality of North Wales).

The Kingdom of Gwynedd (Medieval Latin: Venedotia / Norwallia / Guenedota; Middle Welsh: Guynet)^[1] was a Welsh kingdom. The kingdom was founded after the Roman Empire fell. It was founded in sub-Roman Britain in the 5th century during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.

The Kingdom of Gwynedd was in northwest Wales. The rulers of Gwynedd were very important. They were called the "King of the Britons" many times. However, they would often lose power in different civil wars or invasions.

Related pages

• List of rulers of Gwynedd
• Gwynedd

General sources

Books

Primary sources

• Barbier, Paul (1908). The age of Owain Gwynedd. Newport: London D. Nutt.
• Barlow, Frank (2000). William Rufus. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08291-6.
• Bartlett, Robert (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
• Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. Penguin Group. ISBN 0140284753.
• Lloyd, J. E. (2004) [1911]. A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest. New York City: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-7607-5241-9.
• Llwyd, Angharad (1832). A history of the island of Anglesey.
• Lowe, Walter Bezant (1912). The Heart of Northern Wales. Vol. 1. – Template:Google book
• Lynch, Frances M. B. (1995). Gwynedd (A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales). The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-701574-6.
• Maund, Kari L. (2006). The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords, and Princes (3 ed.). Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-2973-1.
• Moore, David (2005). The Welsh Wars of Independence. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-3321-9.
• Parry, Thomas; Bell, H. Idris (1955). "A History of Welsh Literature". archive.org. Oxford University Press.
• Turvey, Roger, ed. (2010). Twenty-One Welsh Princes. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. ISBN 9781845272692.
• Walker, David (1990). Medieval Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521311533.
• Warner, Philip (1997). Famous Welsh Battles. New York City: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-0466-X.
• Williams, W. Llewelyn (1908). Giraldus Cambrensis, The Itinerary Through Wales and the Description of Wales.

Secondary sources

• Bown, Ivor (1908). Statutes of Wales. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
• Davies, John (2002). The Celts. New York City: Cassell Illustrated. ISBN 1-84188-188-0.
• Davies, Rees R. (1987). Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales 1063–1415. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821732-9.
• Evans, Gwynfor (2004). Cymru O Hud [Welsh are still here]. Abergwyngregyn: Y Lolfa. ISBN 0-86243-545-5.
• Evans, Simon (1990). A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. Llanerch Enterprises. ISBN 0-947992-58-8.
• Giles, John Allen (1841). The works of Gildas and Nennius. London: James Bohn.
• Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic (Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195162374.
• Jones, Owen; Williams, Edward; Pughe, William Owen (1801). Evans, John (ed.). The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales: collected out of ancient manuscripts. Denbigh: Thomas Gee. The Myvyrian Archaiology
• Koch, John (2005). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio.
• Llwyd, Humphrey (2002). Cronica Walliae. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1638-2.
• Maund, K. L. (1996). Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 0-85115-389-5.
• Morris, John E. (1996). The Welsh Wars of Edward I. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books. ISBN 0-938289-67-5.
• Pargeter, Edith (1989). The Brothers of Gwynedd. Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 9780747232674.
• Penman, Sharon Kay. The Welsh Trilogy. Ballantine Books.
• Pennant, Thomas. A Tour of Wales. Vol. 1–8.
• Pryce, Huw; Insley, Charles (2005). The Acts of Welsh Rulers 1120–1283. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708318975.
• Siddons, Michael Powell (1991). The Development of Welsh Heraldry, Vol. I. National Library of Wales. ISBN 0907158-51X.
• Siddons, Michael Powell (1993). The Development of Welsh Heraldry, Vol. II. National Library of Wales. ISBN 0907158-51X.
• Smith, Beverley J. (2001). Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1474-6.
• Stephenson, David (1984). The Governance of Gwynedd. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-0850-9. OL 22379507M.
• Roger Turvey (2002). "Conflict or Coexistence: Marchia Wallie and Pura Wallia". The Welsh Princes. Routledge. pp. 39–64. doi:10.4324/9781315840802-3. ISBN 9781315840802.
• Williams, John (1860). Brut y Tywysogion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes (reprint ed.). London: Longman Green. Caradoc of Llancarfan

Dictionary of Welsh biography sources

• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cunedda Wledig, flourished 450, British prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Davies, William Hopkin (1959). "Maelgwn Gwynedd,(died c. 547) king of Gwynedd and monk". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Davies, William Hopkin (1959). "Rhun Ap Maelgwn Gwynedd, (fl. 550), ruler of north-west Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadfan (fl. 620), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwallon (died 633), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwaladr (died 664), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• "Rhodri Molwynog (died 754), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• "Cynan Dindaethwy (died 816) Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• "Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog (died 825), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Merfyn Frych (died 844), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Anarawd ap Rhodri (died 916), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Idwal Foel ('the Bald '; died 942), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iago Ab Idwal Foel (fl. 942–979), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Williams, Stephan Joseph (1959). "Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (died 950), king and legislator". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Hywel ap Ieuaf (died 985), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Ieuaf (or Idwal) ab Idwal Foel (died 985), joint king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Meurif Ab Idwal Foel (died 986), nobleman of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Idwal Ap Meurig (died 996), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• "Maerdudd ab Owain ap Hywel Dda (died 999)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn Ap Seisyll (died 1023), king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iago ab Idwal Foel (died 1039), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Parry, Thomas (1959). "Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Hudson, Benjamin (1959). "Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• "Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075) Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Trahaern Ap Caradog (died 1081), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Iorwerth Drwyndwn (The Flat-nosed) (died probably c. 1174), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100 – 1170), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Roderick, Arthur James (1959). "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), soldier and poet". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cadwaladr(died 1172), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (died after 1173), prince of Anglesey". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Cynan ab Owain (died 1174), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri ab Owain (died 1195), a prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (David I, died 1203), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (died 1244), prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Thomas Jones Pierce (1959). "Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1212), lord of Eifionydd, part of Ardudwy, and Merioneth and co-founder of the Cistercian house of Cymmer". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn Fawr and Llywelyn Fychan (fl. early 13th century). lords of Merioneth". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1959). "Dafydd ap Llywelyn (David II, died 1246), Prince". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Gruffydd, or Owain Goch, (fl. 1260), a prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ('Llywelyn the Last,' or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David III, died 1283), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Rhodri ap Gruffydd (died c. 1315), prince of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (' Owain Lawgoch '; died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
• Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). "Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1354 – 1416), 'Prince of Wales'". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.

Wiki source – Dictionary of National Biography and Encyclopædia

• Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). "Nennius" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 40. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 217–221.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1896). "Rhys ap Gruffydd" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 89.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 305-307.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). "Gruffydd ab Cynan" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 301–304.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). "Gruffydd ab Llywelyn (d.1244)" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 307–308.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). "Glendower, Owen" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 427–434.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). "Howel Vychan" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 105.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). "Howel Dda" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 105–107.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). "Idwal Voel" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 412.
• Thomas, Daniel Lleufer (1891). "Iago ab Idwal Voel" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 407–408.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). "Howel ab Ieuav" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 107.
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• Thomas, Daniel Lleufer (1891). "Iago ab Idwal ab Meirig" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 408.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1893). "Maelgwn Gwynedd" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–306.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1893). "Maredudd ab Owain" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 36. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 130.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893). "Llywelyn ab Gruffydd" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 13–21.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1894). "Merfyn Frych" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 277.
• Miller, Arthur (1885). "Anarawd" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 370.
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• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1888). "Davydd III" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 202–205.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893). "Llywelyn ab Iorwerth" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 7–13.
• Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893). "Llywelyn ab Seisyll" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 6–7.
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• Lloyd, John Edward (1896). "Rhodri Mawr" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 85.
• Lloyd, John Edward (1896). "Rhodri ab Owain" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 85–86.
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• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "David (Welsh princes)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 860.
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Llewelyn" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 831.

Other websites

• Williams Ab Ithel, John, ed. (2012). Brut Y Tywysogion. Cambridge Library Collection - Rolls. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139163484. ISBN 9781108043021.
• Nancy Edwards. "Early Medieval Wales: material evidence and identity" (PDF). research.bangor.ac.uk.