# Voltage

(Redirected from Potential difference)
Connecting a high voltage cable

Voltage is what makes electric charges move. It is the 'push' that causes charges to move in a wire or other electrical conductor. It can be thought of as the force that pushes the charges, but it is not a force. Voltage can cause charges to move, and since moving charges is a current, voltage can cause a current.

Strictly speaking, voltage is Electric Potential Difference but we call it Voltage. It is similar to the proper name for a TV being television but we call it TV. Informally, voltage or electric potential difference is sometimes called "Potential Difference". Voltage is also called, in certain circumstances, electromotive force (EMF).

Voltage is electrical potential difference and so it is the difference in electric potential between two places. The unit for electrical potential is the volt, and so the unit for electrical potential difference and Voltage is also the volt. (5 volts - 3 volts = 2 volts) The volt is named in memory of Alessandro Volta. One volt equals one joule per coulomb.

Please note that the volt and voltage are two different things. The volt is a unit by which we measure something. Electric potential, electric potential difference, and voltage are things we measure and the volt is the unit of measure for each. Yes, voltage is measured in volts but we must keep these different concepts separate -- a little confusing, but that is the way it is. The symbol for the unit volt is written with as lowercase v (9 v). When voltage is used in a formula the symbol for voltage is an uppercase V. ( e.g. voltage = current x resistance or V = ir) This distinguishes the difference between volts (v) and voltage (V) when there is only a single letter symbol to go by.

Technically, the voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points and is always measured between two points. e.g. between the positive and negative ends of a battery, between a wire and the ground, or between a wire or point in one part of a circuit and a point in another part of the circuit. In everyday use with household electricity in the U.S. the voltage is most often 120 v. This voltage is measure from the electric wire to the ground.

Note that there must be both voltage and current to transfer power (energy). For example, a wire can have a high voltage on it, but unless it is connected, nothing will happen. Birds can land on high voltage lines such as 12kV and 16kV without dying, because the current does not flow through the bird.

There are two types of voltage, DC voltage and AC voltage. The DC voltage (direct current voltage) always has the same polarity (positive or negative), such as in a battery. The AC voltage (alternating current voltage) alternates between positive and negative. For example, the voltage from the wall socket changes polarity 60 times per second (in America). The DC is typically used for electronics and the AC for motors.

## Definition

Voltage is the change in Electric Potential between two places
or the change in Electric Potential Energy per coulomb between two places.

${\displaystyle V=\Delta (EPE/q)=(EPE/q)_{2}-(EPE/q)_{1}}$

Where V=Voltage, EPE=Electric Potential Energy, q=charge, ∆=difference in.

## Ground voltage

Voltage is always measured between two points, and one of them is often called the "ground", or the zero volt (0 v) point. In most AC electrical installations there is a connection to the earth. A connection is made to the real ground through a water pipe, a ground rod buried or driven into the earth, or a convenient metallic conductor (not a gas pipe) buried underground. This connection is made at the point of entry of the electric system into a building, at every pole where there is a transformer at the street (often on an electric pole), and other places in the system. The whole planet Earth is used as a reference zero volt (0 v) point for measuring voltage. In a building this ground is carried to each electrical device on two wires. One is the 'grounding conductor' (the green or bare wire) and it is used as a safety ground to connect metal parts of equipment to the earth. The other is used as one of the electric conductors in the circuits of the system and is called the 'neutral conductor'. This wire which is at the ground potential (0 v) completes all the circuits by carrying the current from any electric equipment back to the systems entry point into the buildings and then to the transformer usually at the street. In many places outside the buildings it becomes unnecessary to have a wire to complete the circuits and carry the current from the buildings to the generators. The return path that carries all the current back is the earth itself.
In DC circuits, the negative end of a generator or battery is often called the "ground" or zero volt (0 v) point, even though there may or may not be a connection to the earth.
In electrical equipment there are two possibilities for a 0 volt point. The metal chassis of the equipment may be a ground or the zero volt (0 v) point with parts of the circuits connecting to it and would be called a chassis ground. Or the chassis and wires may be connected to earth and be called an earth ground. There are different symbols for these types of grounds used in electrical schematic drawings (circuit drawings).

## Measuring tools

Some of the tools for measuring the voltage are the voltmeter and the oscilloscope.

The voltmeter measures the voltage between two points and can be set to the DC mode or the AC mode. The voltmeter can measure the DC voltage of a battery for example (typically 1.5V or 9V), or the AC voltage from the power socket on the wall (typically 120V).

For more complex signals, an oscilloscope can be used the measured the DC and/or AC voltage, for example to measure the voltage across a speaker.

## Potential difference

The voltage, or potential difference from point a to point b is the amount of energy in joules (as a result of electric field) required to move 1 coulomb of positive charge from point a to point b. A negative voltage between points a and b is one in which 1 coulomb of energy is required to move a negative charge from point a to b. If there is a uniform electric field about a charged object, negatively charged objects will be pulled towards higher voltages, and positively charged objects will be pulled towards lower voltages. The potential difference/Voltage between two points is independent of the path taken to get from point a to b. Thus, the voltage from a to b + the voltage from b to c will always equal the voltage from a to c.