User:Horeki/Sandbox-Tōsandō

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Himorogi in Japan are most commonly seen at construction sites, where they stand for a while before actual work begins. The zigzag-shaped paper streamer hanging from the boundary ropes are called shide (紙垂).

DRAFT II

A reign is the term used to describe the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation (e.g. Canada, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, Tonga, Belgium) or of a people (KwaZulu-Natal). In most hereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies (e.g. Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Poland) there have been no limits on the duration of a sovereign's reign or incumbency, nor is there a term of office. Thus a reign usually lasts until the monarch dies, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates or is deposed.

In elective monarchies, there may be a fixed period of time for the duration of the monarch's tenure in office (e.g. Malaysia).

History

Monarchs

• Four reigns of the first four Hanoverian kings of Great Britain and the United Kingdom — George I, George II, George III and George IV -- are together known as the Georgian era.

• The two reigns of Sweden's King Gustav III (1771–1792) and King Gustav IV Adolf (1792-1809) are together known as the Gustavian era.

• The six reigns of Japan's Kōgon, Kōmyō, Sukō, Go-Kōgon, Go-En'yū, Go-Komatsu are together known as the Nanboku-chō period.

Popes

See the main article: List of popes by length of reign

• Pope John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.

Endings

The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." after a sovereign's name, such as the following:

George VI, King of the United Kingdom (r. 1936–1952)

A reign can be ended in three ways:

• death
• abdication
• abolition of the office

Abdications

• Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of Lombardy-Venetia (r. 1835-1848) was abdicated due to his disabilities (feeble-mindedness and epilepsy). His successor, Emperor Franz Josef (r. 1848–1916) reigned for 68 years.

• King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom reigned from January to December 1936 before he abdicated the throne. After his abdication he became known as the Duke of Windsor. No other monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has ever abdicated, though forced abdications did occur on rare occasions in the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland prior to their merger in 1707.

• Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands reigned from 1890 to 1948, before abdicating in favor of her daughter, Queen Juliana who did herself. Juliana then reigned until 1980 when she abdicated in favor of her daughter, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.

Abolitions

King Constantine II of Greece reigned from 1963 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1973.

King Humbert II of Italy reigned for only a few weeks in 1946 before the abolition of the Italian Monarchy.

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia reigned from 1894 to 1917 during the Russian Revolution when he was forced to abdicate and the Russian Empire was overthrown.

King Louis XVI of France reigned from the 1770s until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 and his execution the following year.

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran reigned for more than 37 years (1941-1979) until he fled during the Iranian Revolution, which replaced 2500 years of monarchy with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Shah died the following year and is buried in Cairo.

Related pages

• Interregnum
• Japanese era name
• Reign of Terror

References

Category:Kings and queens

Category:Popes

Category:Time