Thiamine

Thiamine
	Skeletal formula and ball-and-stick model of the cation in thiamine
Clinical data
Pronunciation	/ˈθaɪ.əmɪn/ (listenⓘ) THY-ə-min
Other names	Vitamin B1, aneurine, thiamin
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
License data	US DailyMed: Thiamine; US FDA: Thiamine;
Routes of; administration	by mouth, IV, IM
Drug class	vitamin
ATC code	cation: A11DA01 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	US: OTC ;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	3.7% to 5.3% [medical citation needed]
Elimination half-life	1.8d[better source needed]
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2-[3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl]ethanol;
CAS Number	cation: 70-16-6 ; 67-03-8 (Cl-.HCl); Cl- salt: 59-43-8 ;
PubChem CID	cation: 1130;
PubChem SID	Cl- salt: 6042;
DrugBank	cation: DB00152;
ChemSpider	cation: 1098;
UNII	cation: 4ABT0J945J; Cl- salt: X66NSO3N35 ;
KEGG	cation: C00378;
ChEBI	cation: CHEBI:18385;
ChEMBL	cation: ChEMBL1547;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	cation: DTXSID50220251 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C12H17N4OS+
Molar mass	265.36 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	cation: Interactive image;
	SMILES cation: Cc2ncc(C[n+]1csc(CCO)c1C)c(N)n2;
	InChI cation: InChI=1S/C12H17N4OS/c1-8-11(3-4-17)18-7-16(8)6-10-5-14-9(2)15-12(10)13/h5,7,17H,3-4,6H2,1-2H3,(H2,13,14,15)/q+1 ; Key:JZRWCGZRTZMZEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N;

Thiamine (or thiamin) is vitamin B₁.^[3] Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin in the vitamin B complex. It takes a part in breaking down food and releasing energy from it. Thiamine also has a role in keeping the nervous system healthy.^[4] Its phosphate derivatives take part in many cellular processes. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids. In the body it is held in water as a solute.

It can be found in Food and Manufactured dietary supplements, and in medications^[1]^[5] Foods that provide Thiamine include whole grains and legumes.^[1]

The human body cannot store thiamine for later use. It needs to be eaten every day, but thiamine from the diet is usually enough in most people.^[4] Men need thiamine more than women but sex is not a big factor. In adults between the ages of 19-64, men need 1mg of thiamine and women need 0.8mg.^[4]

Lack of thiamine (vitamin B1 deficiency) causes beriberi.^[6]

Sources (diet)

Dietary thiamine is usually enough in most people. A balanced diet contains enough daily vitamin B1. Examples of foods high in thiamine include:^[4]

peas
fresh fruits (like bananas and oranges)
nuts, like macadamia nuts, pistachios, and brazil nuts
liver, except in pregnant women^[4]
in some countries, cereals and flour are fortified with niacin. fortified flour creates fortified bread, and in those countries the bread is a source of niacin

Related pages

Beriberi (disease caused by thiamine deficiency)
Vitamin A (retinol) and C (ascorbic acid)
Folic acid (folate), vitamin B9

References

1 2 3 "Thiamin Fact Sheets for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
↑ Royer-Morrot MJ, Zhiri A, Paille F, Royer RJ (1992). "Plasma thiamine concentrations after intramuscular and oral multiple dosage regimens in healthy men". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42 (2): 219–22. doi:10.1007/BF00278489. PMID 1618256. S2CID 19924442.
↑ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-09.
1 2 3 4 5 "Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2026-04-09.
↑ "Thiamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
↑ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-09.

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[NIH2016-1] 1 2 3 "Thiamin Fact Sheets for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

[pmid1618256-2] Royer-Morrot MJ, Zhiri A, Paille F, Royer RJ (1992). "Plasma thiamine concentrations after intramuscular and oral multiple dosage regimens in healthy men". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 42 (2): 219–22. doi:10.1007/BF00278489. PMID 1618256. S2CID 19924442.

[3] "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-09.

[:0-4] 1 2 3 4 5 "Vitamins and minerals - B vitamins and folic acid". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2026-04-09.

[medline-5] "Thiamine: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2018.

[6] "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-09.

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