Voiced alveolar nasal
| Voiced alveolar nasal | |
|---|---|
| n | |
| IPA Number | 116 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | n |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006E |
| X-SAMPA | n |
The voiced alveolar nasal is a type of consonant. Nearly all languages contain this sound. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨n⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨n⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "n" in near and number.
Features
[change | change source]- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | нэфнэ/nėfnė | [nafna] | 'light' | |
| Arabic | Standard | نور/nūr | [nuːr] | 'light' |
| Assyrian | ܢܘܪܐ nōra | [noːɾaː] | 'mirror' | |
| Basque | ni | [ni] | 'I' | |
| Bengali | নাক/naak/nāk | [naːk] | 'nose' | |
| Catalan[1] | neu | [ˈneʊ̯] | 'snow' | |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 難/nán | [nan˧˥] | 'difficult' |
| Czech | na | [na] | 'on' | |
| Dutch[2] | nacht | [nɑxt] | 'night' | |
| English | nice | [naɪs] | 'nice' | |
| Finnish | annan | [ˈɑnːɑn] | 'I give' | |
| Georgian[3] | კანი/k'ani | [ˈkʼɑni] | 'skin' | |
| Greek | νάμα/náma | [ˈnama] | 'communion wine | |
| Gujarati | નહી/nahi | [nəhi] | 'no' | |
| Hawaiian[4] | naka | [naka] | 'to shake' | |
| Hebrew | נבון/navon | [navon] | 'wise' | |
| Italian[5] | nano | [ˈnäːno] | 'dwarf' | |
| Irish | binn | [bʲiːnʲ] | 'peak' | |
| Japanese[6] | 反対/hantai | [hantai] | 'opposite' | |
| Khmer | នគរ nôkôr | [nɔkɔː] | 'kingdom' | |
| Korean | 나라/nara | [nɐɾɐ] | 'Country' | |
| Kurdish | Northern | giyanewer | [ˈgʲɪjä:ˈnɛwɛˈɾ] | 'animal' |
| Central | گیانلەبەر/gîyânlabar | [ˈgʲiːäːnˈlæbæˈɾ] | ||
| Southern | [ˈgʲiːäːnˈlabaˈɾ] | |||
| Kyrgyz[7] | банан/banan | [baˈnan] | 'banana' | |
| Malay | nasi | [näsi] | 'cooked rice' | |
| Malayalam[8] | കന്നി/kanni | [kənni] | 'virgin' | |
| Maltese | lenbuba | [lenbuˈba] | 'truncheon' | |
| Mapudungun[9] | müna | [mɘ̝ˈnɐ̝] | 'enough' | |
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | |
| Nepali | नक्कल/nakkal | [nʌkːʌl] | 'imitation' | |
| Odia | ନାକ/nāka | [näkɔ] | 'nose' | |
| Persian | نون/nun | [nun] | 'bread' | |
| Pirahã | gíxai | [níˈʔàì̯] | 'you' | |
| Polish[10] | poncz | [ˈpɔn̥t͡ʂ] | 'punch' | |
| Punjabi | ਨੱਕ/nakk | [nəkː] | 'nose' | |
| Slovak | na | [nä] | 'on' | |
| Slovene[11] | novice | [nɔˈʋìːt̪͡s̪ɛ] | 'news' | |
| Spanish[12] | nada | [ˈnäð̞ä] | 'nothing' | |
| Swahili | ndizi | [n̩dizi] | 'banana' | |
| Tagalog | nipis | [nipis] | 'thin' | |
| Thai | นอน/non | [nɔːn] | 'sleep' | |
| Turkish | neden | [ne̞d̪æn] | 'reason' | |
| Tamil | மனசு/manasu | [mʌnʌsɯ] | 'mind', 'heart' | |
| Vietnamese[13] | bạn đi | [ɓanˀ˧˨ʔ ɗi] | 'you're going' | |
| Welsh | nain | [nain] | 'grandmother' | |
| Western Apache | non | [nòn] | 'cache' | |
| West Frisian | nekke | [ˈnɛkə] | 'neck' | |
| Yi | ꆅ/na | [na˧ ] | 'hurt' | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[14] | nanɨɨ | [nanɨˀɨ] | 'lady' |
Dental
[change | change source]| Voiced dental nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| n̪ | |||
| IPA Number | 116 408 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | n̪ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+006E U+032A | ||
| X-SAMPA | n_d | ||
| Braille |    | ||
| |||
A voiced dental nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is potentially in English, as in month.
Features
[change | change source]- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
- It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
Occurrence
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian[15] | новы/novy | [ˈn̪ovɨ] | 'new' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bulgarian[16] | жена/žena | [ʒɛˈn̪a] | 'woman' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
| Catalan[17][18] | General | cantar | [kən̪ˈt̪ä] | 'to sing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/.[17] See Catalan phonology |
| Central, North-Western | punt | [ˈpun̪] | 'point' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Word-final realisation of /nt/ in dialects of Catalonia; Valencian retains [nt].[18] | |
| Chuvash | шăна/šăna | [ʃɒn̪a] | 'a fly' | ||
| Dutch | Belgian | nicht | [n̻ɪxt̻] | 'niece' | Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See Dutch phonology |
| English | month | [mʌn̪θ] | 'month' | Interdental. Allophone of /n/ before /θ, ð/. | |
| Esperanto | Esperanto | [espeˈran̪t̪o] | 'one who hopes' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Finnish[19] | ranta | [ˈran̪t̪a] | 'beach' | Allophone of /n/ before /t̪/. | |
| French[20] | connexion | [kɔn̻ɛksjɔ̃] | 'connection' | Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See French phonology | |
| Greek[21] | άνθος/ánthos | [ˈɐn̪θo̞s] | 'flower' | Interdental. Allophone of /n/. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | नया/najā | [n̪əjaː] | 'new' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology |
| Urdu | نیا/najā | ||||
| Hmong | White Hmong | 𖬒𖬲𖬬/noj | [no˥˨] | 'eat' | |
| Hungarian[22] | nagyi | [ˈn̪ɒɟi] | 'grandma' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[23][24] | cantare | [kän̪ˈt̪äːre] | 'to sing' | Laminal denti-alveolar.[24] Allophone of /n/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/.[23][24] See Italian phonology | |
| Irish | naoi | [n̪ˠɰiː] | 'nine' | Velarized. | |
| Japanese | 涙/namida | [n̪ämʲid̪ä] | 'tear' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |
| Kashubian | naprësk | [n̪aprəsk] | 'shower' | Laminal denti-alveolar.[25] | |
| Kazakh | көрінді/körindi/ٴكورىندى | [kœɾɪn̪d̪ɪ] | 'it seemed' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/. | |
| Kyrgyz | беделинде/bedelinde | [be̞d̪e̞lin̪d̪e̞] | 'in the authority' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/. | |
| Latvian[26] | nakts | [n̪äkt̪s̪] | 'night' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |
| Macedonian[27] | нос/nos | [n̪o̞s̪] | 'nose' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malayalam | നായ/nāya | ⓘ | 'dog' | Interdental for some speakers. See Malayalam phonology | |
| Mapudungun[9] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 'male cousin on father's side' | Interdental.[9] | |
| Marathi | नख/nakh | [n̪əkʰ] | 'fingernail' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | सुगन्ध | [suˈɡʌn̪d̪ʱʌ] | 'fraɡrance' | Allophone of /n/ in neighbourhood of /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ/. | |
| Polish[10] | nos | [n̪ɔs̪] | 'nose' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Alveolar before /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | General[28][29] | narina | ⓘ | 'nostril' | Laminal denti-alveolar. May nasalize preceding vowel (especially if stressed). Has [ɲ̟] as allophone, forming from clusters with [j], and before /i/. |
| Vernacular Paulista[30][31] | percebendo | [pe̞ʁse̞ˈbẽn̻u] | 'perceiving' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ after a stressed nasal vowel in more stigmatized varieties. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian[32] | alună | [äˈl̪un̪ə] | 'hazelnut' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | наш/naš | [n̪aʂ] | 'our' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[33] | nàdar | [ˈn̪ˠaːt̪aɾ] | 'nature' | Velarized. Contrasts with alveolar /n/ and palatal /ɲ/. | |
| Serbo-Croatian | студент/student | [s̪t̪ǔd̪e̞n̪t̪] | 'student' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovene | prevarant | [pɾeʋaˈɾǎːn̪t̪] | 'con artist' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s/. See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Most dialects | cantar | [kän̪ˈt̪är] | 'to sing' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/. See Spanish phonology |
| Swahili | Bajuni dialect | paṉa/pan̪a/pan’a | [pan̪a] | 'rat' | Dental. Orthography is variable.[34][35] |
| Tamil | நாடு/nāḍu | [n̪ɑːɖɯ] | 'country' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | నములుట/namuluṭa | [n̪amuluʈa] | 'To chew' | Occurs as an allophone of anuswara when followed by dental stops. | |
| Ukrainian[36] | наш/nash | [n̪ɑʃ] | 'our' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek[37] | нимa/nima/نىمه | [n̪imæ] | 'what' | Laminal denti-alveolar. | |
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 139.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- 1 2 3 Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
- 1 2 Rocławski (1976), p. 136.
- ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
- ↑ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 49–50.
- ↑ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
- 1 2 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- 1 2 Herrick (2000), p. 70.
- ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 29.
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 15.
- ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76.
- 1 2 Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133.
- 1 2 3 Canepari (1992), p. 58.
- ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
- ↑ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
- ↑ (in Portuguese) Unesp's digital collection – The deleting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent Archived 2012-12-31 at Archive.today
- ↑ (in Portuguese) The deletting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent – PDF
- ↑ Chițoran (2001), p. 10.
- ↑ Borgstrøm (1937), p. 115.
- ↑ Swaleh, Rukiya (2024). "The structure of Bajuni language". In Njogu, Kimani; Omar, Athman Lali (eds.). Bajuni land, language and orature (PDF). Twaweza Communications Ltd. pp. 115–146. ISBN 978-9966-128-24-9.
- ↑ Njogu, Kimani (2024). "Mohamed Kombo: The Bajuni Spoken Word Artist". In Njogu, Kimani; Omar, Athman Lali (eds.). Bajuni land, language and orature (PDF). Twaweza Communications Ltd. pp. 45–75. ISBN 978-9966-128-24-9.
- ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
- ↑ Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
References
[change | change source]- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3895868436
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
- Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-16, retrieved 2022-02-10
