Voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills
| Voiced alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r | |
| IPA Number | 122 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | r |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0072 |
| X-SAMPA | r |
The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonant. It is found in some spoken languages. It is usually called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. The International Phonetic Alphabet letter for this sound is ⟨r⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is r.
Dictionaries of languages like English and German sometimes use the symbol ⟨r⟩. They have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is because typing the letter r is easier.
In many Indo-European languages, this sound is sometimes an allophone of the alveolar tap [ɾ]. This happens especially in unstressed syllables. Some languages like Catalan, Spanish, Albanian and some Portuguese treat these as two different sounds.
Features
[change | change source]- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is trill. This means that this sound is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
- It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | رأس | [rɑʔs] | 'head' | |
| Dutch | rood | ⓘ | 'red' | |
| English | Scottish | curd | [kʌrd] | 'curd' |
| French | southern France and Corsica | rouge | [ruʒ] | 'red' |
| German | some dialects | Schmarrn | ⓘ | 'nonsense' |
| Hindi | घर | [ɡʱər] | 'house' | |
| Italian[1] | terra | [ˈtɛrra] | 'earth' | |
| Malay | Standard | arah | [arah] | 'direction' |
| Russian[2] | играть | [ɪˈɡr̠atʲ] | 'to play' | |
| Spanish[3] | perro | [ˈpe̞ro̞] | 'dog' | |
Voiced alveolar fricative trill
[change | change source]| Voiced alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_r |
The voiced alveolar fricative trill is a type of consonant. It is found in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet letter for this sound is ⟨r̝⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is r_r.
Features
[change | change source]- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is trill. This means that this sound is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
- It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.
Examples
[change | change source]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[4][5][6][7] | čtyři | ⓘ | 'four' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. May be a non-sibilant fricative.[5] See Czech phonology | |
| Dzongkha[8] | རུ་ཏོག་/ru-tog | [r̝uto] | 'bone' | Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone. | |
| Kashubian[9] | rzéka | [r̝eka] | 'river' | Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.[9] | |
| Ormuri | Standard (Kaniguram) | تڒګب/tařgab | [tɑr̝geb] | 'summer' | Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect. |
| Polish | Some dialects[10] | rzeka | [r̝ɛka] | 'river' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork[10] and those south, west and northwest of them,[10] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo,[10] south and east of Wieleń,[10] around Wołomin,[10] southeast of Ostrów Mazowiecka[10] and west of Siedlce,[10] from Brzeg to Opole and areas to the north,[10] and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ.[10] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with /ʐ/,[10] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.[10] See Polish phonology |
| Portuguese[11] | European | os rins | [u ˈr̝ĩʃ] | 'the kidneys' | Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r].[11] See Portuguese phonology |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[12] | umrził | [ˈumr̝iw] | '(he) died' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects. |
| Jablunkov[12] | [example needed] | ||||
| Slovak | Northern dialects[10][13] | řyka | [ˈr̝ɪkä] | 'river' | Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.[10] See Slovak phonology |
| Spanish | rana | [ˈr̝änä] | 'frog' | Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ]. | |
| Chicahuaxtla Trique[14] | raꞌa | [rᶾa˧ʔaː˧] or [r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧] | 'hand' | Initial allophone of /r/. | |
| Tsakonian[15] | ρζινοδίτζη | [r̝inoðitɕi] | 'justice of the peace' | /ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian. | |
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628, S2CID 232345223
- ↑ Skalozub, Larisa (1963), Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta; cited in Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373, S2CID 232344066
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
- 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
- ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 46.
- ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
- ↑ van Driem, George. The Grammar of Dzongkha (PDF). Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04.
- 1 2 Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from the original on 2013-11-13, retrieved 2013-11-06
- 1 2 Grønnum (2005), p. 157
- 1 2 Dąbrowska (2004), p. ?
- ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.
- ↑ A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla". Tlalocan vol. 25, 2020, p.153.
- ↑ Scutt, C. A. (November 1913). "The Tsakonian Dialect". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 19: 20. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163. S2CID 163493476.
