Voiced retroflex lateral approximant
| Voiced retroflex lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɭ | |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | l` |
The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a sound used in some spoken languages. The IPA letter for this symbol is ⟨ɭ⟩. It is in Indian English. It is similar to /l/ but with your tongue curled back.
Characteristics
[change | change source]- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally This means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- It is a lateral consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, but not down the middle.
- It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Examples
[change | change source]In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ɭ̺] and laminal [ɭ̻].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bashkir | ел | ⓘ | 'wind' | Apical retroflex lateral; occurs in front vowel contexts. | |
| Dhivehi | ފަޅޯ / falhoa | [faɭoː] | 'papaya' | Represented by the Thaana letter ޅ (lhaviyani). | |
| Enindhilyagwa | marluwiya | [maɭuwija] | 'emu' | ||
| Faroese | árla | [ɔɻɭa] | 'early' | Allophone of /l/ after /ɹ/. See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Standard[1] | belle jambe | [bɛɭ ʒɑ̃b] | 'beautiful leg' | Allophone of /l/ before /f/ and /ʒ/ for some speakers.[1] See French phonology |
| Gujarati | નળ | [nəɭə] | 'tap' | Represented by a ⟨ળ⟩. Pronounced as /ɭə/.[2] | |
| Kannada | ಎಳ್ಳು | [ˈeɭːu] | 'sesame' | Represented by a ⟨ಳ⟩ | |
| Katukina-Kanamari[3] | [ɭuːˈbɯ] | 'to go' | |||
| Khanty | Eastern dialects | пуӆ | [puɭ] | 'bit' | |
| Some northern dialects | |||||
| Korean | 솔 / sol | [soɭ] | 'pine' | Represented by a ⟨ㄹ⟩. May also be pronounced as /l/. | |
| Malayalam | Malayalam script | മലയാളം | ⓘ | 'Malayalam' | Represented by the letter ⟨ള⟩. Sub apical retroflex. Long and short forms are contrastive word-medially[4][5] |
| Arabi Malayalam (Mapilla) | مَلَیٰاۻَمْ | ||||
| Mapudungun[6] | mara | [ˈmɜɭɜ] | 'hare' | Possible realization of /ʐ/; may be [ʐ] or [ɻ] instead.[6] | |
| Marathi | बाळ | [baːɭ] | 'baby/child' | Represented by a ⟨ळ⟩. Pronounced as /ɭə/. See Marathi phonology. | |
| Miyako | Irabu dialect | 昼間 ピィルマ |
[pɭːma] | 'daytime' | Allophone of /ɾ/ used everywhere except syllable-initially. |
| Norwegian | Eastern and central dialects | farlig | ⓘ | 'dangerous' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Odia | ଫଳ | [pʰɔɭɔ] | 'fruit' | Represented by a ⟨ଳ⟩. Pronounced as /ɭɔ/.[2] | |
| Parkari Koli | واۮۯون | [vaːɗaɭuːn] | 'clouds' | ||
| Rajasthani | फळ | [pʰəɭ] | 'fruit' | Represented by a ⟨ळ⟩. | |
| Paiwan[7] | ladjap | [ˈɭaɖap] | 'lightning' or 'flash' | See Paiwan phonology | |
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਤ੍ਰੇਲ਼ | [t̪ɾeɭ] | 'dew' | Represented by a ⟨ਲ਼⟩ and ⟨لؕ⟩. Font support may be required to see the letter in Shahmukhi. |
| Shahmukhi | تریلؕ | ||||
| Swedish | sorl | ⓘ | 'murmur' (noun) | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil[8] | ஆள் / اٰۻْ | ⓘ | 'person' | Represented by a ⟨ள்⟩. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | నీళ్ | [niːɭ] | 'water' | Represented by a ⟨ళ⟩ | |
| Wu Chinese | Northern Wu (Linping variety) | 而/er2 | [eɭ˩˧] | 'conjunction (literary)' | A rhotic consonant (cf. Changzhounese /ɦər˨˩˧/) |
References
[change | change source]- 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 192.
- 1 2 Masica (1991), p. 97.
- ↑ Anjos (2012), p. 128.
- ↑ Jiang (2010), pp. 16–17.
- ↑ "Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
- ↑ "ladjap". Online Aboriginal Language Dictionary (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation. Archived from the original on 2022-09-04. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
- ↑ Keane (2004), p. 111.
