Voiceless alveolar fricative
| Voiceless alveolar sibilant | |
|---|---|
| s | |
| IPA number | 132 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | s |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0073 |
| X-SAMPA | s |
| Kirshenbaum | s |
| Sound | |
The voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨s⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨s⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 's' in sun and sorry.
Features[change | change source]
- The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
Examples[change | change source]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | сэ/sė | [sa] | 'I' | |
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | جَلَسَ/ǧalasa | [ˈdʒælæsɐ] | 'to sit' |
| Assyrian | ܣܝܦܐ sèpa | [seːpaː] | 'sword' | |
| Bengali | রাস্তা | [raːst̪a] | 'street' | |
| Burmese | စစားဗျီ/ca carr bhye | [sə sá bjì] | 'I am eating now' | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 閃 / sim2 | [siːm˧˥] | 'twinkle' |
| Dutch | Belgian Standard[2] | staan | [staːn] | 'to stand' |
| Emilian and Romagnol | sèl | [ˈs̺ʲɛːl] | 'salt' | |
| Estonian | sõna | [ˈsɤnɑ] | 'word' | |
| English | sit | [sɪt] | 'sit' | |
| Esperanto | Esperanto | [espeˈranto] | 'Who hopes' | |
| Faroese | sandur | [sandʊɹ] | 'sand' | |
| Georgian[3] | სამი/sami | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | |
| Hebrew | ספר/sefer | [ˈsefeʁ] | 'book' | |
| Hindustani | साल / سال | [saːl] | 'year' | |
| Japanese[4] | 複数形 / fukusūkē | [ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː] | 'plural' | |
| Kabardian | сэ/sė | [sa] | 'I' | |
| Khmer | អេស្ប៉ាញ / éspanh | [ʔeːpaːɲ] | noun: 'Spain' adjective: 'Spanish' | |
| Korean | 섬 / seom | [sʌːm] | 'island' | |
| Malay | satu | [satu] | 'one' | |
| Maltese | iebes | [eaˈbes] | 'hard' | |
| Marathi | साप | [saːp] | 'snake' | |
| Nepali | सगरमाथा | [sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä] | 'Mount Everest' | |
| Odia | ସମାନ | [sɔmänɔ] | 'equal' | |
| Occitan | Limousin | maichent | [mejˈsẽ] | 'bad' |
| Persian | سیب / sib | [sib] | 'apple' | |
| Portuguese[5] | caço | [ˈkasu] | 'I hunt' | |
| Punjabi | ਸੱਪ/sapp | [səpː] | 'snake' | |
| Spanish[6] | Latin American | saltador | [s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r] | 'jumper' |
| Canarian | ||||
| Andalusian | ||||
| Filipino | ||||
| Swahili | Kiswahili | [kiswaˈhili] | 'Swahili' | |
| Sylheti | ꠢꠂꠍꠦ/oise | [ɔise] | 'done' | |
| Vietnamese[7] | xa | [saː˧] | 'far' | |
| Yi | ꌦ sy | [sɻ̩˧] | 'die' | |
Notes[change | change source]
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
References[change | change source]
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Thompson, Laurence C. (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
