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Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

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Voiceless alveolar plosive
t
IPA Number103
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)t
Unicode (hex)U+0074
X-SAMPAt

The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨t⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨t⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by "t" in tear and tool.

Features

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  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is stop, or plosive. This means that this sound is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)

Examples

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LanguageWordIPAMeaning
Adygheтфы[tfə]ⓘ'five'
ArabicEgyptianتوكة tōka[ˈtoːkæ]'barrette'
Assyrianܒܝܬܐ bèta[beːta]'house'
Bengaliটাকা[t̠aka]'Taka'
Czechtoto[ˈtoto]'this'
DanishStandard[1]dåse[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]'can' (n.)
Dutch[2]taal[taːɫ]'language'
EnglishMost speakerstick[tʰɪk]'tick'
New York[3]
Finnishparta[ˈpɑrtɑ]'beard'
Hebrewתמונה[tmuˈna]'image'
Hungarian[4]tutaj[ˈtutɒj]'raft'
Kabardianтхуы[txʷə]ⓘ'five'
Khmerតែ / tê[tae]'tea'
Korean대숲 / daesup[tɛsup̚]'bamboo forest'
Kurdish Northern tu [tʰʊ] 'you'
Central تەوێڵ [tʰəweːɫ] 'forehead'
Southern تێوڵ [tʰeːwɨɫ]
Luxembourgish[5]dënn[tən]'thin'
Maltesetassew[tasˈsew]'true'
Mapudungun[6]füta[ˈfɘtɜ]'elderly'
Nunggubuyu[7]darawa[taɾawa]'greedy'
Nuosu[which?]ꄉ da[ta˧]
Portuguese[8]Some dialectstroço[ˈtɾɔsu]'thing' (pejorative)
Thaiตา ta[taː˧]'eye'
Vietnameseti[ti]'flaw'
West Frisiantosk[ˈtosk]'tooth'

Dental

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Voiceless dental plosive
t̪
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAt_d

A voiced dental plosive is a sound used in some spoken languages. The IPA letter for this sound is ⟨t̪⟩.

Characteristics

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  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is dental. This means that this sound is produced with the tongue at the upper teeth, the lower teeth, or both the upper teeth and the lower teeth. (Many stops and liquids that are called dental consonants are actually denti-alveolar consonants.)
  • It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is stop, or plosive. This means that this sound is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. (The term plosive contrasts with nasal stops, where the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.)

Examples

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Occurrence of [t̪] in various languages
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Aleut[9]tiistax̂[t̪iːstaχ]'dough'Laminal denti-alveolar.
ArmenianEastern[10]տուն[t̪un]ⓘ'house'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaicܬܠܬ̱ܐ/ţla[t̪lɑ]'three'
Bashkirдүрт/dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'Laminal denti-alveolar
Belarusian[11]стагоддзе[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]'century'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basquetoki[t̪oki]'place'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Bengaliতুমি[t̪umi]'you'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[12]terra[ˈt̪ɛrə]'land'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chuvashут[ut]'horse'
Czechtoto[ˈt̪ot̪o]ⓘ'this'Laminal denti-alveolar.[13] See Czech phonology
Dinka[14]mɛth[mɛ̀t̪]'child'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/.
DutchBelgiantaal[t̪aːl̪]'language'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin[15]thin[t̪ʰɪn]'thin'Laminal denti-alveolar.In Dublin, it may be [t͡θ] instead.See English phonology.
IndianCorresponds to [θ].[15]
Southern Irish[16]
Ulster[17]train[t̪ɹeːn]'train'Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnishtutti[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]'pacifier'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
French[18]tordu[t̪ɔʁd̪y]'crooked'Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Hakka[19]他/ta3[t̪ʰa˧]'he/she'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Hindustani[20]Hindiतीन/tīn[t̪iːn]'three'Laminal denti-alveolar.Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>.See Hindustani phonology
Urduتین‎/tīnContrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
HmongWhite Hmong𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵 / tub[t̪u˦]'son', 'boy' or 'male name'
Indonesian[21]tabir[t̪äbɪr]'curtain'Laminal denti-alveolar, most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨t⟩.
Italian[22]tale[ˈt̪ale]'such'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[23]特別/tokubetsu[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]'special'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[24]ptôch[ptɞx]'bird'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakhтұз[t̪us̪]'salt'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[25]туз[t̪us̪]'salt'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[26]tabula[ˈt̪äbulä]'table'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalamകാത്ത്[kaːt̪ːɨ̆]'waiting'Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/. See Malayalam phonology
Mapudungun[6]füṯa[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]'husband'Interdental.[6]
Marathiतबला[t̪əbˈlaː]'tabla'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
MinangkabauPadangtuo[t̪u.o̞]'old'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepaliताली[t̪äli]'clapping'Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Nunggubuyu[7]darag[t̪aɾaɡ]'whiskers'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odiaତାରା/tara[t̪ärä]'star'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
Pazeh[27][mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]'keep clapping'Dental.
Polish[28]tom[t̪ɔm]ⓘ'volume'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[29]Many dialectsmontanha[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]'mountain'Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabiਤੇਲ/تیل‎[t̪eːl]'oil'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[30]толстый[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]'fat'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[31]taigh[t̪ʰɤj]'house'Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Serbo-Croatian[32]туга/tuga[t̪ǔːgä]'sorrow'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhalaඅත[at̪ə]'hand'
Slovene[33]tip[ˈt̪îːp]'type'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Slovaktoto[ˈt̪ot̪o]'this'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovak phonology
Somalimatag[mat̪ag]'vomit'Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
Spanish[34]tango[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]'tango'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Swedish[35]tåg[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]'train'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Teluguతప్పు[t̪apːu]'wrong'Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Turkishat[ät̪]'horse'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[36][37]брат[brɑt̪]ⓘ'brother'Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[38][example needed]–Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[38]
Vietnamese[39]tuần[t̪wən˨˩]'week'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[40]tant[t̪ant̪]'so much'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Post-alveolar

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Voiceless postalveolar plosive
t̠
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAt_-

A voiceless post-alveolar stop is a rare consonant. It is not in English.

Examples

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Occurrence of [t̠]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Acehnese teubèe [t̠ɯ.ˈbɛə̯] 'sugarcane' See Acehnese phonology
Bengali[41]টাকা[t̠aka]'taka'Apical postalveolar;[41] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Hindustani[42][43] टोपी/ ٹوپی‎[t̠oːpiː]'hat'Apical postalveolar
Nepali टोली [t̠oli] 'team' Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Odiaଟଗର / ṭagara[t̠ɔgɔrɔ]'crepe jasmine'Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Yeledêê[t̠əː]'tongue'Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.

Notes

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  1. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
  2. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  3. ↑ Wells (1982), p. 515.
  4. ↑ Szende (1994), p. 91.
  5. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  6. 1 2 3 Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  7. 1 2 Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
  8. ↑ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited (in Portuguese)
  9. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  10. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
  11. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  12. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  13. ↑ Skarnitzl, Radek (February 2015). "Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study". Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  14. ↑ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
  15. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  16. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  17. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  18. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  19. ↑ Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
  20. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  21. ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  22. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  23. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  24. ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  25. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  26. ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  27. ↑ Blust (1999), p. 330.
  28. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  29. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  30. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  31. ↑ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
  32. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  33. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  34. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  35. ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  36. ↑ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  37. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  38. 1 2 Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  39. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  40. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  41. 1 2 Mazumdar (2000:57)
  42. ↑ Ladefoged (2005:141)
  43. ↑ Tiwari (2004:?)

References

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