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Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

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Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
ɬ
IPA Number148
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɬ
Unicode (hex)U+026C
X-SAMPAK
Braille⠇ (braille pattern dots-123) ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonant. Some spoken languages use it. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɬ⟩ (sometimes called lesh). The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is K. The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is not used in English but is used in Welsh and represented by "ll".

Characteristics

[change | change source]
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • It is a lateral consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, but not down the middle.
  • It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
  • It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.

Examples

[change | change source]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe плъыжь / پ‍‍ݪ‍‍‍ہ‍ژ / płəź [pɬəʑ] 'red'
Ahtna[1] dzeł [tsɛɬ] 'mountain'
Avar[2] лъабго / ڸ‍‍ابگۈ / ļabgo [ˈɬabɡo] 'three'[3]
Basay lanum [ɬanum] 'water'
Berber Ait Seghrouchen altu [æˈɬʊw] 'not yet' Allophone of /lt/.[4]
Brahui تی‍‍ڷ / teļ [t̪eːɬ] 'scorpion' Contrasts /ɬ/ with /l/.[5]
Bunun Isbukun dialect ludun [ɬuɗun] 'mountain' Voiceless allophone of /l/ among some speakers.[6]
Bura[7] batli [batɬi] 'early forenoon (7-9am)'[8] Contrasts with [ɮ] and [𝼆].[7][9]
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[10] talliq [taɬeq] 'arm'
Cherokee Oklahoma Cherokee tlha, kiihli [(t)ɬá], [ɡiːɬí] 'not', 'dog' In free variation with affricate /tɬ/ among some speakers.[11] Also an alternative pronunciation of voiceless lateral approximant [l̥], a realization of cluster /hl/.[12]
Chickasaw[13] lhipa [ɬipa] 'it is dry'
Chinese Taishanese[14] 三 [ɬäm˧] 'three' Corresponds to [s] in Standard Cantonese
Pinghua
Pu-Xian Min 沙 [ɬua˥˧˧] 'sand'
Chipewyan[15] łue [ɬue] 'fish'
Chukchi[16] [p(ə)ɬekət] 'shoes'
Dahalo[17] [ɬunno] 'stew' Contrasts palatal /𝼆/ and labialized /ɬʷ/.[18]
Damin l*i [ɬ↓ʔi] 'fish' Ingressive with egressive glottalic release
Deg Xinag xindigixidiniłan' [xintikixitiniɬʔanʔ] 'she is teaching them'
Dogrib ło [ɬo] 'smoke' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[19]
Eyak qeł [qʰɛʔɬ] 'woman' Contrasts approximant /l/.[20]
Fali [paɬkan] 'shoulder'
Forest Nenets хару [xaɬʲu] 'rain' Contrasts palatalized /ɬʲ/.[21]
Greenlandic illu [iɬːu] 'house' Realization of underlying geminate /l/.[22] See Greenlandic phonology
Hadza[23] sleme [ɬeme] 'man'
Haida[24] tla'únhl [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] 'six'
Halkomelem ɬ'eqw [ɬeqw] 'wet' Attested in at least the Musqueam dialect.[25]
Hla'alua[26] lhatenge[27] [ɬɑtɨŋɨ] 'vegetable'
Hlai [ɬa⁵³~ɬa³³][28] 'fish' Contrasts voiced approximant /l/.[29]
Hmong 𖬃𖬥 / hli [ɬi˧]ⓘ 'moon'
Inuktitut ᐊᒃᖤᒃ akłak [akɬak] 'grizzly bear' See Inuit phonology
Kabardian лъы / ݪ‍‍‍ہ‍ / ły [ɬə]ⓘ 'blood' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/ and glottalic /ɬʼ/.[30]
Kaska tsį̄ł [tsʰĩːɬ] 'axe'
Kham Gamale Kham[31] ह्ला [ɬɐ] 'leaf'
Khroskyabs[32] ɬ-sá [ɬsá] 'kill' (causative)
Lillooet[33] lhésp [ɬə́sp] 'rash'[34]
Lushootseed[35] łukʷał [ɬukʷaɬ] 'sun'
Mapudungun[36] kaül [kɜˈɘɬ] 'a different song' Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.[36]
Mehri[37] ڛ‍‍خوف [ɬxoːf] 'milk' Contrasts with /ɬˀ/, /s/ and /ʃ/.
Mochica paxllær [paɬøɾ] Phaseolus lunatus
Moloko sla [ɬa] 'cow'
Mongolian лхагва

lhagbha

 [ˈɬaw̜ɐk] 'Wednesday' Only in loanwords from Tibetan;[38] here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa)
Muscogee[39] páɬko [pəɬko] 'grape'
Nahuatl āltepētl [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] 'city' Allophone of /l/
Navajo łaʼ [ɬaʔ] 'some' See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a hloks [ɬoks] 'sun'
Norwegian Trøndersk tatlete [ˈtɑɬɑt] 'weak', 'small' Contrasts alveolar approximant /l/, apical postalveolar approximant /ɭ/, and laminal postalveolar approximant /l̠/.[40]
Nuosu [ɬu³³] 'to fry' Contrasts approximant /l/.[41]
Nuxalk płt [pɬt] 'thick' Contrasts with affricates /t͡ɬʰ/ and /t͡ɬʼ/, and approximant /l/.[42]
Saanich[43] ȽEL [ɬəl] 'splash'
Sandawe lhaa [ɬáː] 'goat'
Sassarese morthu [ˈmoɬtu]ⓘ 'dead'
Sawi ڷ‍‍و [ɬo] 'three'[44] Contrasts approximant /l/.[45] Developed from earlier *tr- consonant cluster.[46]
Shehri[47] ع‍‍ݜ‍‍رت [ʕəɬɛret] 'ten' Contrasts with /ɬˀ/, /s/ and /ʃ/.
Shuswap ɬept [ɬept] 'fire is out'[clarification needed]
Sotho ho hlahloba [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] 'to examine' See Sotho phonology
Soqotri[48] ڛ‍‍يبب [ɬiːbɛb] 'old' Contrasts with /ɬˀ/, /s/ and /ʃ/.
Swedish Jämtlandic kallt [kaɬt] 'cold' Also occurs in dialects in Dalarna and Härjedalen. See Swedish phonology
Västerbotten dialect behl [beɬː] 'bridle'
Taos łiwéna [ɬìˈwēnæ] 'wife' See Taos phonology
Tera[49] tleebi [ɬè̞ːbi] 'side'
Thao kilhpul [kiɬpul] 'star'
Tlingit lingít [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́t] 'Tlingit'
Toda kał [kaɬ] 'to learn' Contrasts /l ɬ ɭ ɭ̊˔ (ꞎ)/.[50]
Ukrainian Poltava subdialect[51] молоко [mɔɬɔˈkɔ] 'milk' Occurs only in Poltava subdialect of Central Dniprovian dialect.
Tsez лъи łi [ɬi]ⓘ 'water'
Vietnamese Gin dialect[52] 小 [ɬiu˧] 'small'
Welsh[53] tegell [ˈtɛɡɛɬ] 'kettle' See Welsh phonology
Xhosa[54] sihlala [síˈɬaːla] 'we stay'
Yurok[55] kerhl [kɚɬ] 'earring'
Zulu ihlahla [iɬaɬa] 'twig' Contrasts voiced /ɮ/.[56]
Zuni asdemła [ʔastemɬan] 'ten'

Approximant

[change | change source]
Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant
l̥
Audio sample

The voiceless alveolar lateral approximant is a rare type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨l̥⟩.

Characteristics

[change | change source]
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiceless. This means that this sound is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is alveolar. This means that this sound is produced with the tip of the tongue (apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • It is a lateral consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, but not down the middle.
  • It is an oral consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is approximant. This means that this sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place this sound is produced. However, it is not narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
  • It is a central consonant. This means that this sound is produced by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.

Examples

[change | change source]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut hlax̂/’лаӽ [l̥aχ] 'boy' Contrasts with voiced /l/. Merged in Eastern Aleut.[57]
Burmese လှ [l̥a̰] 'beautiful' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Danish Standard[58] plads [ˈpl̥æs] 'square' Before /l/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /l/.[58] See Danish phonology
EnglishCardiff[59]plus[pl̥ʌ̝s]'plus'See English phonology
Norfolk[60]
Estonian[61] mahl [mɑ̝hːl̥] 'juice' Word-final allophone of /l/ after /t, s, h/.[61] See Estonian phonology
Faroese hjálpa [jɔl̥pa] 'to help' Allophone of /l/ before fortis plosives.[62]
French peuple [pœpl̥]ⓘ 'people' Devoiced allophone of /l/, occurs after voiceless obstruents. Often gains voicing midway.[63]
Iaai [l̥iʈ] 'black' Contrasts with voiced /l/.
Icelandic hlaða [l̥aːða] 'barn' Realisation of underlying /hl/.[64] Allophone of /l/ before fortis plosives[65] and utterance finally. In free variation with the globaly more common fricative.[66]
Kildin Sámi тоӆсэ [ˈtol̥sɛ] 'to keep the flame alive' Contrasts with /l/, /l̥ʲ/, /lʲ/, and /ʎ/.
Northern Sámi Eastern Inland bálkká [pæl̥kæ] 'salary' Allophone of underlying cluster /lh/.[67]
Pipil[68] [example needed] Contrasted voiced /l/ in some now-extinct dialects.[68]
Scottish Gaelic sgailc [s̪kal̥çkʲ] 'blow, knock' Allophone of /l/ before a pre-aspirated plosive.[69]
Southern Nambikwara[70] [haˈlawl̥u] 'cane toad'[70] Allophonic variation of /l/.[70]
Tibetan ལྷ་ས། Lhasa [l̥asa] 'Lhasa'
Ukrainian Standard[71] смисл [s̪mɪs̪l̥] 'sense' Word-final allophone of /l/ after voiceless consonants.[71] See Ukrainian phonology
Xumi Lower[72] [ʁul̥o˦] 'head'
Upper[73] [bə˦l̥ä̝˦] 'to open a lock' Described as an approximant. Contrasts with the voiced /l/.[72][73]

Dental

[change | change source]
Voiceless dental lateral fricative
ɬ̪

The voiceless dental lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is not in English.

Lisp

[change | change source]
Voiceless alveolar lateral–median fricative
ʪ

The voiceless alveolar lateral lisp fricative is a sound used in disordered speech. It is not in English.

Examples

[change | change source]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabic[74][75][76] Al-Rubūʽah dialect اَلْ‍‍ضَ‍‍يْمْ [aθˡˁːajm] 'anguish'[77] Classical Arabic ɮˁ and Modern Standard Arabic [dˤ]
[dialect missing] ظَ‍‍امِئ [ʪæːmiː] 'thirsty' Classical and Modern Standard Arabic [ðˤ]
English Lateral lisp send [ʪɛnd] 'send' Occurs as a replacement for /s/

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Tuttle (2008), p. 464.
  2. ↑ Gippert (2000).
  3. ↑ Dellert et al. (2020).
  4. ↑ Abdel-Massih (2011), p. 20.
  5. ↑ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 77.
  6. ↑ Lin (2018), p. 128.
  7. 1 2 Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–55.
  8. ↑ Blench, Roger. "Bura Dictionary" (PDF). Bura Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
  9. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 203–04.
  10. ↑ Miyaoka (2012), p. 52.
  11. ↑ Uchihara (2016), p. 42.
  12. ↑ Uchihara (2016), p. 45.
  13. ↑ Gordon, Munro & Ladefoged (2002), p. 287.
  14. ↑ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
  15. ↑ Li (1946), p. 398.
  16. ↑ Dunn (1999), p. 43.
  17. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 27.
  18. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993), p. 41.
  19. ↑ Coleman (1976), p. 8.
  20. ↑ Krauss (2016), p. 167.
  21. ↑ Salminen (2007), p. 365.
  22. ↑ Stefanelli (2019), p. 30.
  23. ↑ Sands, Maddieson & Ladefoged (1993), p. 68.
  24. ↑ Enrico (2003), p. 10.
  25. ↑ Suttles (2004), p. 3.
  26. ↑ Pan (2012), pp. 22–23.
  27. ↑ Pan (2012), p. 169.
  28. ↑ Ostapirat (2008), p. 625.
  29. ↑ Yuan (1994), pp. 1–2.
  30. ↑ Kuipers (1960), p. 18.
  31. ↑ Wilde, Christopher P. (2016). "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. hdl:1885/109195. ISSN 1836-6821.
  32. ↑ Lai, Yunfan (June 2013b). La morphologie affixale du lavrung wobzi (Master's thesis) (in French). Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris III.
  33. ↑ Van Eijk (1997), p. 2.
  34. ↑ Van Eijk (1997), p. 64.
  35. ↑ Beck (1999), p. 2.
  36. 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88, 91.
  37. ↑ Watson, Janet C.E. (2012). The Structure of Mehri. Harrassowitz. p. 34.
  38. ↑ Svantesson et al. (2005), pp. 30–33.
  39. ↑ Martin (2011), p. 47.
  40. ↑ Endresen & Simonsen (2000), p. 246.
  41. ↑ Edmondson, Esling & Lama (2017), p. 88.
  42. ↑ Newman (1947), p. 129.
  43. ↑ Montler (1986).
  44. ↑ Liljegren (2009), p. 34.
  45. ↑ Liljegren (2009), p. 31.
  46. ↑ Liljegren (2009), p. 36.
  47. ↑ Cite error: The named reference :0 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  48. ↑ Bulakh, Maria (2019-01-01). "Soqotri". The Semitic Languages (2nd ed.): 293.
  49. ↑ Tench (2007), p. 228.
  50. ↑ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66.
  51. ↑ Кримський Агатангел Юхимович; Синявський О.; Михальчук Костянтин Петрович (1841–1914); Курило Олена Борисівна; Гладкий П.; Бузук П.; Расторгуєв П.; Рудницький Є.; Ahatanhel Krymsky (1929). Український діялектологічний збірник. Кн. I–II.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  52. ↑ Wei (2006), p. 14.
  53. ↑ Hannahs (2013), p. 18.
  54. ↑ Le Doeuff (2020), p. 6.
  55. ↑ "Yurok consonants". Yurok Language Project. UC Berkeley. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  56. ↑ Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 480.
  57. ↑ Taff et al. (2001), p. 234.
  58. 1 2 Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
  59. ↑ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
  60. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
  61. 1 2 Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  62. ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 124.
  63. ↑ Bruni, Jagoda (2011). Sonorant voicing specification in phonetic, phonological and articulatory context (PhD). Stuttgart: Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Stuttgart. pp. 89–90. ad3b85e7-3936-484d-84e5-1d7f6e3571da.
  64. ↑ According to most analyses. The phonemic analyses of modern Icelandic is a matter of great debate, see Icelandic phonology.
  65. ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 110.
  66. ↑ Rögnvaldsson (2017), pp. 41–42.
  67. ↑ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 154.
  68. 1 2 Aquino (2019), p. 228.
  69. ↑ Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 10.
  70. 1 2 3 Netto (2018), p. 127.
  71. 1 2 Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  72. 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–68.
  73. 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–83.
  74. ↑ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, pp. 122–123
  75. ↑ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
  76. ↑ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
  77. ↑ Younger speakers distinguish between voiceless [aθˡˁːajm] for emotional pain and voiced [aðˡˁːajm] for physical pain.
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