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Western Xia

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Great Xia
大夏
𗴂𗹭𘜶𗴲𗂧 (白高大夏國)
𗴂𗹭𗂧𘜶 (大白高國)
1038–1227
Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)
Location of Western Xia in 1111 (green in north west)
Western Xia in 1150
Western Xia in 1150
CapitalXingqing (modern Yinchuan)
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 1038–1048
Emperor Jingzong
• 1139–1193
Emperor Renzong
• 1226–1227
Li Xian (final)
Historical eraPost-classical history
• Rebellion by Li Jiqian against the Song dynasty
984
• Dynasty established by Emperor Jingzong
1038
• Subjugation by the Mongol Empire
1210
• Destruction by the Mongol Empire
1227
Area
1100 Template:Est.[1]1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi)
Population
• peak
3,000,000[2][3][4]
CurrencyBarter, copper coins[5][better source needed]
See Western Xia coinage
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Dingnan Jiedushi
Xiliangfu
Guiyi Circuit
Gansu Uyghur Kingdom
Liao dynasty
Song dynasty
Mongol Empire
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
East Asia and Central Asia in AD 1142: the Southern Song dynasty in orange (  ); the Jin dynasty in grey (  ) in the northeast; the Western Xia in turquoise (  ) and the Western Liao (Qara Khitai) in lime green (  ) in the northwest; and the Dali Kingdom in dark green (  ) in the southwest.
History of China
History of China
ANCIENT
Neolithic c. 8500 – c. 2070 BC
Xia dynasty c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC
Shang dynasty c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC
Zhou dynasty c. 1046 – 256 BC
 Western Zhou
 Eastern Zhou[broken anchor]
   Spring and Autumn
   Warring States
IMPERIAL
Qin dynasty 221–206 BC
Han dynasty 206 BC – 220 AD
  Western Han
  Xin dynasty
  Eastern Han
Three Kingdoms 220–280
  Wei, Shu and Wu
Jin dynasty 265–420
  Western Jin
  Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms
Southern and Northern Dynasties
420–589
Sui dynasty 581–618
Tang dynasty 618–907
  (Wu Zhou interregnum 690–705)
Five Dynasties and
Ten Kingdoms
907–960 		Liao dynasty
907–1125
Song dynasty
960–1279
  Northern Song W. Xia
  Southern Song Jin
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Ming dynasty 1368–1644
Qing dynasty 1644–1911
MODERN
Republic of China 1912–1949
People's Republic
of China
1949–present 		Republic of
China on Taiwan
1949–present
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The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (Chinese: 西夏; pinyin: Xī Xià; Wade–Giles: Hsi1 Hsia4), was a imperial dynasty of China. It was also called the Great Xia (大夏; Dà Xià; Ta4 Hsia4) and Tangut Empire. The Tanguts and Tibets called the Western Xia Mi-nyak.[6] The Western Xia was led by the Tangut people from 1038 to 1227. The dynasty was as big as northwestern modern China. The dynasty had parts of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, and southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia. It was 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 square miles) big.[7][8][9]

The capital of Western Xia was Xingqing (modern Yinchuan). A major Xia city was Khara-Khoto. The Mongols took Western Xia in 1227. Most of its records and architecture were destroyed. Historians did not know much about the dynasty until the 20th-century. Today the Tangut language and its script are extinct. There is not much Tangut literature left.

The Western Xia was in the area of the Hexi Corridor. The Hexi Corridor was a part of the Silk Road, which was an important trade route from northern China and Central Asia.[10][11]

Rulers

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450 years after the destruction of the Tangut empire, the "Kingdom of Tenduc or Tangut" was still shown on some European maps as China's northwestern neighbor
Temple Name Posthumous Name Personal Name Reign Dates
Jǐngzōng 景宗 Emperor Wǔliè 武烈皇帝 Lǐ Yuánhào 李元昊 1038–1048
Yìzōng 毅宗 Emperor Zhāoyīng 昭英皇帝 Lǐ Liàngzuò 李諒祚 1048–1067
Huìzōng 惠宗 Emperor Kāngjìng 康靖皇帝 Lǐ Bǐngcháng 李秉常[12][13] 1067–1086
Chóngzōng 崇宗 Emperor Shèngwén 聖文皇帝 Lǐ Qiánshùn 李乾順[14][15] 1086–1139
Rénzōng 仁宗 Emperor Shèngdé 聖德皇帝 Lǐ Rénxiào 李仁孝[16] 1139–1193
Huánzōng 桓宗 Emperor Zhāojiǎn 昭簡皇帝 Lǐ Chúnyòu 李純佑 1193–1206
Xiāngzōng 襄宗 Emperor Jìngmù 敬慕皇帝 Lǐ Ānquán 李安全 1206–1211
Shénzōng 神宗 Emperor Yīngwén 英文皇帝 Lǐ Zūnxū 李遵頊 1211–1223
Xiànzōng 獻宗 None Lǐ Déwàng 李德旺[17][18][19] 1223–1226
None None Lǐ Xiàn 李晛 1226–1227
Emperor Era Name Dates
Jǐngzōng Tiānshòu Lǐfǎ Yánzuò 天授禮法延祚 1038–1048
Yìzōng Yánsì Níngguó 延嗣寧國 1049
Tiānyòu Chuíshèng 天祐垂聖 1050–1052
Fúshèng Chéngdào 福聖承道 (Tangut 𗼃𗼕 or 𗣼𗧯) 1053–1056
Duǒdū 奲都 1057–1062
Gǒnghuà 拱化 1063–1067
Huìzōng Qiándào 乾道 1068–1069
Tiāncì Lǐshèng Guóqìng 天賜禮盛國慶 (Tangut 𘀗𗙀𗅲𗯿𗂧𗴴) 1070–1074
Dà'ān 大安 (Tangut 𘜶𗵐) 1075–1085
Tiān'ān Lǐdìng 天安禮定 (Tangut 𘓺𗪚𗅲𗧯) 1086
Chóngzōng Tiānyí Zhìpíng 天儀治平 (Tangut 𘓺𗫸𗁣𘇚) 1086–1089
Tiānyòu Mín'ān 天祐民安 (Tangut 𘓺𗼕𘂀𗴴) 1090–1097
Yǒng'ān 永安 (Tangut 𗦷𗪚) 1098–1100
Zhēnguān 貞觀 (Tangut 𗣼𘝯) 1101–1113
Yōngníng 雍寧 (Tangut 𗖠𗪚) 1114–1118
Yuándé 元德 (Tangut 𗣼𗪟) 1119–1127
Zhèngdé 正德 (Tangut 𗣼𘇚) 1127–1134
Dàdé 大德 (Tangut 𘜶𗣼) 1135–1139
Rénzōng Daqing 大慶 (Tangut 𘜶𘅝) 1140–1143
Rénqìng 人慶 (Tangut 𗸦𘅝) 1144–1148
Tiānshèng 天盛 (Tangut 𘓺𘃸) 1149–1169
Qiányòu 乾祐 (Tangut 𘀗𘑨) 1170–1193
Huánzōng Tiānqìng 天慶 (Tangut 𘓺𘅝) 1194–1206
Xiāngzōng Yìngtiān 應天 1206–1209
Huángjiàn 皇建 (Tangut 𘓺𘚪) 1210–1211
Shénzōng Guāngdìng 光定 (Tangut 𗪚𗏴) 1211–1223
Xiànzōng Qiándìng 乾定 1223–1226
Lǐ Xiàn Bǎoqìng 寶慶 1226–1227

Administrative divisions

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Region Prefecture Modern location
Hexi Xingzhou (Xingqing, Ducheng) Yinchuan
Dingzhou Pingluo County
Huaizhou East of Yinchuan
Yongzhou Yongning County
Liangzhou (Xiliangfu) Wuwei
Ganzhou (Xuanhuafu) Zhangye
Suzhou Jiuquan
Guazhou Guazhou County
Shazhou Dunhuang
Henan Lingzhou Northwest of Wuzhong
Hongzhou Southwest of Jingbian
Youzhou Otog Front Banner
Yinzhou East of Hengshan
Xiazhou North of Jingbian
Shizhou Hengshan
Yanzhou Dingbian County
Nanweizhou Tongxin County
Huizhou Jingyuan
Other Xiningzhou Xining
Lezhou South of Ledu
Kuozhou Southwest of Hualong
Jishizhou Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
[change | change source]

References

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Citations

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  1. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Kuhn, Dieter (15 October 2011). The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China. Harvard University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780674062023.
  3. ↑ Bowman, Rocco (2014). "Bounded Empires: Ecological and Geographic Implications in Sino-Tangut Relations, 960-1127" (PDF). The Undergraduate Historical Journal at UC Merced. 2: 11. doi:10.5070/H321025689.
  4. ↑ McGrath, Michael C. Frustrated Empires: The Song-Tangut Xia War of 1038-44. In Wyatt. p. 153.
  5. ↑ Chinaknowledge.de Chinese History - Western Xia Empire Economy. 2000 ff. © Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved: 13 July 2017.
  6. ↑ Stein (1972), pp. 70–71.
  7. ↑ Wang, Tianshun [王天顺] (1993). Xixia Zhan Shi [The Battle History of Western Xia] 《西夏战史》. Yinchuan [银川], Ningxia ren min chu ban she [Ningxia People's Press] 宁夏人民出版社.
  8. ↑ Bian, Ren [边人] (2005). Xixia: xiaoshi zai lishi jiyi zhong de guodu [Western Xia: the kingdom lost in historical memories] 《西夏: 消逝在历史记忆中的国度》. Beijing [北京], Waiwen Chubanshe [Foreign Languages Press] 外文出版社.
  9. ↑ Li, Fanwen [李范文] (2005). Xixia tong shi [Comprehensive History of Western Xia] 西夏通史. Beijing [北京] and Yinchuan [银川], Ren min chu ban she [People's Press] 人民出版社; Ningxia ren min chu ban she [Ningxia People's Press] 宁夏人民出版社.
  10. ↑ Zhao, Yanlong [赵彦龙] (2005). "Qian tan xi xia gong wen wen feng yu gong wen zai ti [A brief discussion on the writing style in official documents and documental carrier] 浅谈西夏公文文风与公文载体." Xibei min zu yan jiu [Northwest Nationalities Research] 西北民族研究 45(2): 78-84.
  11. ↑ Qin, Wenzhong [秦文忠], Zhou Haitao [周海涛] and Qin Ling [秦岭] (1998). "Xixia jun shi ti yu yu ke xue ji shu [The military sports, science and technology of West Xia] 西夏军事体育与科学技术." Ningxia Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Ningxia University] 《宁夏大学学报》 79 (2): 48-50.
  12. ↑ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1883). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 463–.
  13. ↑ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1883. pp. 463–.
  14. ↑ Karl-Heinz Golzio (1984). Kings, khans, and other rulers of early Central Asia: chronological tables. In Kommission bei E.J. Brill. p. 68. ISBN 9783923956111.
  15. ↑ Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. 818–. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
  16. ↑ Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (1994). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii–. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
  17. ↑ Chris Peers (31 March 2015). Genghis Khan and the Mongol War Machine. Pen and Sword. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-1-4738-5382-9.
  18. ↑ Mongolia Society (2002). Occasional papers. Mongolia Society. pp. 25–26.
  19. ↑ Luc Kwanten (1 January 1979). Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500-1500. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8122-7750-0.

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