Wulfhere of Mercia
Wulfhere or Wulfar († 675) was an early King of Mercia. Although his father was pagan Wulfhere was a Christian. His older brother Peada ruled Mercia south of the River Thames under Oswiu of Northumbria. When Peada was murdered Oswiu held Mercia until the ealdormen of Mercia rebelled and placed Wulfhere on the throne. Wulfhere ruled Mercia from 658 until his death. He was the first Mercian bretwalda (overlord) of England.[a]
King of Mercia[change | change source]
Wulfhere was a younger son of King Penda.[2] His older brother Peada accepted Christianity to marry the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria. After their father was killed by Oswiu, Peada was set up as a king of southern Mercia. Peada's wife murdered him within five months. Oswiu then took control of all Mercia and ruled it three years.[2] The Mercian ealdormen Immin, Eafa and Eadbert rose up in rebellion against king Oswiu. Wulfhere, who had been kept hidden, was then proclaimed king.[2] Wulfhere had little opposition from Oswiu as he was dealing with a rebellion in Northumbria.[3] Wulfhere began building alliances with other kings in the south of England. His first may have been in about 660 when he married Ermenilda,[b] the daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent[3] and his wife Seaxburh.[6] About this same time he expanded Mercia to the west. He brought Shropshire and Herfordshire under his control.[3] The kings of Essex submitted to his rule by 665.[7]
Bretwalda[change | change source]
By the time Oswiu died in 670 Wulfhere was the overlord of most of southern England.[7] He installed Bishop Wine in London after he was expelled from Wessex by king Cenwalh.[8] While Wulfhere did not directly control East Anglia he controlled Lindsey and Essex. By controlling all the surrounding lands, he probably forced East Anglia into a treaty.[3] Wulfhere then made Athelwalh recognize his overlordship in Sussex.[9] He expelled the West Saxons from Sussex and eastern Hampshire.[9] Expanding to the east he made his brother-in-law Frithuwold King of Surrey in 670. When King Ecgberht of Kent died in 673 Wulfhere became the guardian of his two sons Eadric and Wihtred. He then ruled Kent through them.[9] With Wulfhere's support, Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury presided over the Synod of Hertford in 673.[10] In 674 Wulfhere decided to attack Northumbria. Oswiu's son Ecgfrith of Northumbria had put down a rebellion by the Picts when he became king.[11] Wulfhere formed an alliance of most of the southern kings with the exception of Wessex.[11] The southern alliance under Wulfhere was defeated by Ecgfrith in battle. While Wulfhere survived he was forced to pay tribute to Ecgfrith.[11] He soon lost his authority in Kent.[9] Possibly in revenge for not joining him in fighting Northumbria, Wulfhere attacked Wessex. He was defeated by King Aescwine of Wessex in 674. Wulfhere died in early 675.[9] He was succeeded as king by his brother Aethelred.[12]
Family[change | change source]
By his wife Ermenilda, he had:
- Wulfade, executed by his father.[c][5]
- Rufinus, executed by his father.[5]
- Wereberga, later Saint Wereberga, Abbess of Ely.[5]
- Coenred, King of Mercia and finally a monk at Rome.[5]
Notes[change | change source]
- ↑ Bede does not mention Wulfhere in his list of the first seven overlords of the Anglo-Saxons. But Wulfhere was the supreme authority in southern England for several years before his death.[1]
- ↑ Ermenilda, later venerated as Saint Ermenilda,[4] After her husband's death she became a nun at her mother's monastery at Minster-in-Sheppey. Her mother became the second abbess of Ely and at her death Ermenilda succeeded her as the third abbess of Ely where she is buried.[5]
- ↑ Both Wulfade and Rufinus were accused by Werebod, a Mercian war leader, of plotting against King Wulfhere. In a fit of rage Wulfhere executed his two sons. Werebod had falsely accused them because he wanted to marry their sister Wereberga. Her two brothers opposed the marriage.[5] Wulhere later learned he had been tricked. He built a monastery at Stone to honor his two sons as martyrs.[5]
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England(Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 34
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. Leo Sherley Price, revsd. R. E. Latham (London; New York: Penguin, 1990), p. 185
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 253
- ↑ Agnes B. C. Dunbar, A Dictionary of Saintly Women, Volume 1 (London: George Bell and Sons, 1905), p. 276
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Agnes B. C. Dunbar, A Dictionary of Saintly Women, Volume 1 (London: George Bell and Sons, 1905), p. 277
- ↑ Charles George Herbermann; et al., The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, and history of the Catholic church, Vol. 13 (New York: The Encyclopedia press, inc., 1913), p. 747
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England(Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 85
- ↑ D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Second Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2000),p. 49
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 254
- ↑ Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. Leo Sherley Price, revsd. R. E. Latham (London; New York: Penguin, 1990), pp. 212–13
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 John Marsden, Northanhymbre Saga; The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria (London: Kyle Cathie Limited, 1992), p. 167
- ↑ Benjamin Thorpe, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle according to the Several Original Authorities: Translation (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1861), p. 31
Other websites[change | change source]
- The Kings of Mercia Archived 2014-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
- St. Ermengilda, Queen of Mercia (wife of Wulfhere) Archived 2014-08-21 at the Wayback Machine