View source for History of the United States (1789–1849)

[[File:Flag of the United States (1848-1851).svg|thumb|right|300px|{{Center|U.S. Flag in 1849<br> (30 stars representing 30 states)}}]]
The '''History of the United States (1789–1849)''', sometimes called the Antebellum period, is the [[history]] beginning with the [[Presidency of George Washington]] and ending just before the [[American Civil War]]. The first government, formed under the [[Articles of Confederation]], had ended and a new government based on the [[United States Constitution]] began.<ref name=constitutionLOC>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Constitution.html |title=Primary Documents in American History; United States Constitution |website=Web Guides |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> In the early [[19th century]], the country went though a number of dramatic changes. The country expanded its borders, cities became industrial centers and the economy grew.<ref name=overviewDH>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=5 |title=Overview of the Pre-Civil War Era |author=S. Mintz, S. McNeil|publisher=Digital History |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Sections of the United States developed differently leading to conflicts and eventually up to a civil war.<ref name=overviewDH/>		  

== Federalist Era ==
This is the period from 1789 to about 1801 when the [[Federalist Party]] controlled the American government.{{efn|The word ''antebellum'' means the period before a war.<ref name=antebellumDICT>{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/antebellum |title=antebellum |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> It especially applies to the American Civil War.<ref name=antebellumDICT/> The years that made up the antebellum period are not agreed on by all [[historians]]. Some sources define the period as from 1820 to 1860.<ref>David A. Copeland, ''The Antebellum Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1820 to 1860'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), p. 1</ref> Others use the date 1789 as the beginning of the period leading up to the Civil War.<ref>Elizabeth R. Varon, ''Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789-1859'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), ''passim''</ref>}}

In 1789, Washington was elected the first [[President of the United States]]. The Constitution only gave a vague outline of what a president should be.<ref name=Updegrove27>Mark K. Updegrove, ''Baptism by Fire: Eight Presidents Who Took Office in Times of Crisis'' (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2013), pp. 27–47</ref> Washington defined the position of President and left office after two terms.<ref name=Updegrove27/> During Washington's term, there was a [[Whiskey Rebellion]], where country [[farmer]]s tried to stop the government from collecting [[tax]]es on [[whiskey]].<ref name=Updegrove27/> In 1795, Congress passed the Jay Treaty, which allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the [[Great Lakes]].<ref>Wayne S. Cole, ''An Interpretive History of American Foreign Relations'' (Belmont CA: Dorsey Press, 1974), p. 55</ref> However, [[Great Britain]] was still interfering with the U.S., such as impressment (making American sailors join the [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/usnavy/08/08a.htm |title=Impressment of American Sailors |publisher=The Mariners' Museum |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202102017/https://www.marinersmuseum.org/sites/micro/usnavy/08/08a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>	

[[John Adams]] defeated [[Thomas Jefferson]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1796|election of 1796]] to become the second President of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/biography/adams-campaigns-and-elections |title=John Adams: Campaigns and Elections |website=Miller Center |date=4 October 2016 |publisher= Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>	 This was the first American election that was between two [[political party|political parties]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 1988  |title="From One to Two Political Parties" |pages=6–9 |publisher=Cobblestone Publishing}}</ref> Under Adams, the [[United States Navy]] was created on April 30, 1798.<ref name=maritimeNPS>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/NR/travel/maritime/navy.htm |title=U.S. Navy |website=Maritime History of Massachusetts |publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> It replaced the earlier [[Continental Navy]] which had been disbanded by 1785.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sail1.htm |title=The Continental Navy |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> By the end of 1798 the U.S. Navy had 14 ships with more being built.<ref name=maritimeNPS/> Adams pushed for and signed the controversial [[Alien and Sedition Acts]].<ref name=adamsalienHIST>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/adams-passes-first-of-alien-and-sedition-acts |title=1798 Adams passes first of Alien and Sedition Acts |website=This Day in History |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>	

In the election of 1800, Jefferson defeated Adams. One of the most important things he did as President was to make the [[Louisiana Purchase]] from [[France]], which made the United States twice as big.<ref name="BLM">{{cite web|url=http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf|title=Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781–1867|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=2010-08-29|archive-date=2003-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031002093143/http://www.blm.gov/natacq/pls02/pls1-1_02.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> By 1800 24 treaties had been signed with nine [[Europe]]an powers.<ref name=Plischke54>Elmer Plischke, ''U.S. Department of State: A Reference History'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 54</ref>

== Jeffersonian period ==
This is the period from 1800 through 1815 which includes the [[administration (government)|administration]]s of two [[Democratic-Republican Party]] presidents, [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[James Madison]]. They are commonly called Jeffersonian Republicans.<ref name=learnjeffDH>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/teachers/modules/jeffersonian_era/index.cfm |title=Learn About the Jefferson Era |publisher=Digital History |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> During this time the country nearly doubled in size with the [[Louisiana Purchase]] from [[France]].<ref name=learnjeffDH/> This, in turn, was one of the causes behind the [[War of 1812]], when [[Great Britain]] attempted to re-claim her former American colonies.<!Era of good feelings • http://www.ushistory.org/us/23a.asp -->

== Era of good feelings ==
In 1816, the Federalist Party candidate [[Rufus King]] ran against the Democratic-Republican candidate [[James Monroe]].<ref name=kingANBO>{{cite web |url=http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00262.html |title=King, Rufus |author=Steven E. Siry |date=February 2000 |website=American National Biography Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> Monroe received 183 electoral votes to King's 34.<ref name=kingANBO/> That was the last time the Federalist Party ran a candidate.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/23a.asp |title=23a. The Era of Good Feelings and the Two-Party System |website=UShistory.org |publisher=The Independence Hall Association |access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref> The Congressional election of 1818 gave the Democratic-Republicans a majority of 85%.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/> Monroe served for two terms from 1817 to 1825.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/> Due to the dominance of one political party this is often called the "Era of Good Feelings". But the party was deeply divided by this time. Many of the Federalist policies of [[Alexander Hamilton]] were adopted during this time and Monroe continued many of the economic policies of Madison.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/> Three in particular were a [[national bank]], [[protective tariff]]s and [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] funding of the [[infrastructure]].<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/>

== Two party system ==
The one-party Era of Good Feelings system of cooperation between politicians lasted only about a [[decade]].<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/> It was replaced by a new two-party system,{{efn|It is called a two party system because during the history of the United States there have usually been only two major political parties at any given time.<ref name=Grant189>Alan R. Grant, ''The American Political Process'', Seventh Edition (London; New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 189</ref> These major parties are the only ones who had presidential candidates with a serious chance of becoming president.<ref name=Grant189/> Many minor parties have existed and several have influenced American politics.<ref name=Grant189/> A major party may break up from time to time, but it has been replaced by a new major party.<ref name=Grant189/>}} which continues to today.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/> Political parties took on the job of building [[coalition]]s between many different groups with different interests.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/> This new system broke away from the [[patronage]] system based on personal [[Loyalty|loyalties]]. The [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] had never imagined a system based on political parties but by the 1830s they had become the main system of American politics.<ref name=eragoodUSHIST/>

The presidential election of 1824 had no Federalist party candidate.<ref name=elect1824USHIST>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/23d.asp |title=The 1824 Election and the "Corrupt Bargain" |website=US History |publisher=The Independence Hall Association |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> There were five candidates with [[Andrew Jackson]] winning the electoral college with 99 votes.<ref name=elect1824USHIST/> Second to Jackson was [[John Quincy Adams]] with 84 votes and third was William H. Crawford who received 41 votes.<ref name=elect1824USHIST/> Because nobody received a clear majority of electoral votes, following the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]], the decision would be made by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref name=adamsjacksonGLI>{{cite web |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/age-jackson/essays/adams-v-jackson-election-1824 |title=Adams v. Jackson: The Election of 1824 |author=Edward G. Lengel |website=History Now |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] was [[Henry Clay]], another of the five candidates for President in 1824.<ref name=elect1824USHIST/> Despite his state legislature instructing him to vote for Jackson, Clay formed a coalition to elect Adams president.<ref name=adamsjacksonGLI/> On the first vote, Adams won the majority of votes.<ref name=adamsjacksonGLI/> At first, Jackson accepted the decision gracefully. But after Adams became president he appointed Clay his [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. This brought cries of a "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams.<ref name=adamsjacksonGLI/> Jackson's 1828 political campaign to end government corruption began immediately afterwards to make sure Adams would be a one-term president.<ref name=elect1824USHIST/>

== Era of Jacksonian Democracy ==
[[Andrew Jackson]] was elected president in 1828. He got nearly 70% of the electoral votes and over 60% participation in his election.<ref name=jackdemUSHIST>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/23f.asp |title=Jacksonian Democracy and Modern America |website=US History |publisher=The Independence Hall Association |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> This was largely due to Jackson's popularity as "Old Hickory", the hero of the [[Battle of New Orleans]].<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC>{{cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/president/biography/jackson-the-american-franchise |title=Andrew Jackson: The American Franchise |website=Miller Center |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> His military career had included service in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the War of 1812 and the [[Seminole Wars]].<ref name=jackdemUSHIST/> Jackson also benefited from the [[wikt:perceived|perceived]] ''corrupt bargain'' between Adams and Clay to expand his political base.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/jacksonian-democracy |title=Jacksonian Democracy |website=History Vault |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> 

During his presidency, Jackson founded the party that began calling itself the "American Democracy".<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> Changes in the electoral rules and political campaigns also contributed towards the feeling the country was becoming more [[democratic]] than it had been up to this point.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> For both reasons this era was called [[Jacksonian democracy]].<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> The period itself was from 1828 into the 1840s but its influence lasted much longer.<ref name=jacksdemoSYNONYM>{{cite web |url=http://classroom.synonym.com/impact-country-did-jacksonian-democracy-have-9167.html |title=What Impact on the Country Did the Jacksonian Democracy Have? |author=Aatif Rashid |website=Synonym |publisher=Demand Media |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> It was a period of democratic reforms in voting and changes to the structure of the federal government.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> Some [[historian]]s see it as a [[contradiction in terms]] since it also defended slavery, the pushing of [[Native American]]s westward and [[white supremacy]].<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> Jackson's policies during his two terms were best described as ''[[laissez-faire]]''.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> 

=== Democratic Party ===
His Democratic Party stood for a smaller simpler government that did not involve itself in the [[economy]] or in regulating [[business]].<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> They opposed [[religious]] intrusion into government, especially in the forms of [[Temperance movement|temperance]], [[abolitionism]] and in officially keeping the [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]].<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> Jackson and his Democrats wanted to keep government spending to a minimum.
 
The Democrats, under Jackson and his [[wikt:successor|successor]] [[Martin Van Buren]], became much better organized. They created a [[wikt:structure|structure]] of local, state and national branches which controlled organizing membership as well as their [[caucus]]es and [[political convention]]s.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> They popularly claimed to be a [[grassroots]] party but were in fact controlled from Washington.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> They represented themselves as defending the common man against the "[[aristocrat]]s" of the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]].<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> They started a [[spoils system]] of rewarding party loyalty with government jobs.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> After the War of 1812, Constitutional changes allowed more men to vote by erasing the requirement to own property.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> By Jackson's presidency, nearly all white men could vote. In 1812, only half of the states chose their electors in a presidential election by popular vote.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> By 1832, all states except [[South Carolina]] chose their presidential electors by popular vote. The Democrats were quick to take advantage of these changes.<ref name=ajacksonfranchiseMC/> 

=== Nullification Crisis ===
Jacksonian Democrats fought against the [[Second Bank of the United States]].<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> They wanted to remove the political influence of bankers on the national economy.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> They helped [[farmer]]s and [[Plantation|planters]] by taking away the lands of Native Americans and making cheap land available for [[settler]]s.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> But this did not get them the support of all planters in the South.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> Mostly centered in South Carolina, some thought the Jacksonian [[egalitarianism]] might threaten the institution of slavery itself.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> This led to the [[Nullification Crisis]] of 1832-1833.<ref name=jacksdemoHIST/> Farmers and planters had hoped that when Jackson was elected, he would reduce the unpopular [[tariff]]s that benefited Northern manufacturers and hurt the economy of the South.<ref name=nullcrisisUG>{{cite web |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1994/westward-expansion-and-regional-differences/nullification-crisis.php |title=Nullification Crisis |website=American History, from Revolution to Reconstruction |publisher=University of Groningen |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> South Carolina passed the [[Ordinance of Nullification]] which declared the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1838 illegal within the borders of South Carolina.<ref name=nullcrisisUG/> They also began to raise [[wikt:fund|fund]]s for a military to defend themselves.<ref name=nullcrisisUG/> 

In November 1832, Jackson sent a fleet of seven navy ships and one warship to [[Charleston]].<ref name=nullcrisisUG/> He called the state act "insurrection and treason".<ref name=nullcrisisUG/> While other states in the south may have sympathized with South Carolina, they called the state's actions [[unconstitutional]].<ref name=nullcrisisUG/> South Carolina finally gave in and removed their objections to the tariff. In response, in 1833, Henry Clay got a bill through Congress that reduced the tariff in stages for any that were over 20%.<ref name=nullcrisisUG/> So in the end South Carolina had shown it could force its will on Congress by resisting a federal law.<ref name=nullcrisisUG/>

== Social reforms ==
A number of reform movements began during this period after 1815.<ref name=abolreformGL>{{cite web |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/essays/abolition-and-antebellum-reform |title=Abolition and Antebellum Reform |author=Ronald G. Walters |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref> The improved economy after the War of 1812 provided a new class of people who had the time and financial resources to become involved in social movements.<ref name=abolreformGL/> New technologies in printing increased the number of publications including those about subjects such as abolition.<ref name=abolreformGL/> Better transportation meant lecturers could move from place to place more easily. A temperance movement began about 1819.<ref name=abolreformGL/> A religious movement, sometimes called the [[Second Great Awakening]], swept through the country during this time.<ref name=abolreformGL/> Common themes ran through most of these reform movements. One of the most important was the belief that people had the ability to choose between right and wrong.<ref name=abolreformGL/> For example, slavery was wrong.<ref name=abolreformGL/> The term "slave" was used to show anything that was held to be wrong in society.<ref name=abolreformGL/> Drunkards were "slaves" to alcohol, workers were "slaves" to the factory owners, and women were "slaves" to men.<ref name=abolreformGL/> It was also common for those who believed in anti-slavement movements to also believe in women's rights, religious reforms and temperance reforms.<ref name=abolreformGL/> People were given to joining local organizations because there were no strong political leaders championing these causes. There were no national church organizations to lead these causes. Reform movements went around the political and religious systems, at least until the 1840s. The movements themselves, such as the abolitionist movement, were not completely unified and had internal disagreements over what should be done or how to go about it.

== Antebellum slavery ==
Slavery was mainly [[wikt:concentrate|concentrate]]d in the South by 1830.<ref name=conditionsPBS>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2956.html |title=Conditions of antebellum slavery |website=Africans in America |publisher=PBS/WGBH |access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref> Slaves were used on small farms and large [[plantation]]s.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> They were also used in towns as [[domestic worker]]s and [[labor]] for various [[industries]].<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Slaves were considered to be [[property]] because they were [[Black people|black]]. They were kept as slaves by the constant [[threat]] of [[violence]]. They were not allowed to forget they were slaves even though they lived with their [[wikt:master|master]]s. Many slaveowners genuinely cared about their slaves, but never saw them as their equal.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> But the largest percentage of Southerners did not own slaves.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Most Southerners worked their own farms yet, curiously, they defended slavery as an institution.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Many resented the wealth and power of the large plantation owners but at the same time held out the hope that someday they could join those ranks.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Also, while poor Southerners were looked down on by rich plantation owners, they could themselves look down on blacks as an inferior group.<ref name=conditionsPBS/>

Cotton had become the largest cash crop.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> But plantations also grew corn, rice, sugarcane and tobacco.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Slaves on plantations may have averaged 50 or less, but the largest plantations had hundreds of slaves. In addition to field work, slaves also were skilled in trades such as blacksmithing, carpentry and mechanics.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Domestic slaves did the cooking for the family, raised their children and performed all the work in the [[household]].<ref name=conditionsPBS/> They were always supervised and had to work at all times they were not sleeping.<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Domestic slaves had [[wikt:virtual|virtual]]ly no [[wikt:privacy|privacy]].<ref name=conditionsPBS/> Young white children formed close [[wikt:attach|attach]]ment to their black [[Nanny|nannies]].<ref name=conditionsPBS/> But as they grew up they were [[educate]]d as to how slaves were to be treated.<ref name=conditionsPBS/>

=== The Agrarian South ===
[[File:Art depicting a southern plantation at the Frederick Douglass home in Washington, D.C LCCN2011634955.tif|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|Art depicting a southern plantation}}]]
During this time period [[cotton]] plantations became very profitable in the [[Southern United States|South]].<ref name=antebellumHN>{{cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/antebellum-period |title=Antebellum Period |publisher=HistoryNet |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Advances such as the [[cotton gin]], [[power loom]]s and the [[Sewing machine]] created a demand for cotton. It was [[export]]ed from the South to [[New England]] and to [[England]].<ref name=antebellumHN/> Plantation owners needed more land and more slaves to grow more cotton.<ref name=antebellumHN/> They were especially interested in expanding into new territories.<ref name=antebellumHN/> They needed more slaves and after the ban on importing [[Africa]]n slaves into the U.S., the prices went up.<ref name=antebellumHN/> Small farmers found it profitable to sell their slaves to the large plantation owners. Wealth in the South often reflected how many slaves a planter owned. Slaves gave them [[Politics|political power]] and [[wikt:prestige|prestige]].

=== The industrial North ===
[[File:Boston Manufacturing Company.jpg|thumb|left|150px|{{Center|Boston Manufacturing Company, 1813-1816}}]]
The [[textile]] [[industry]] started the [[industrial revolution]] in the [[Northern United States|North]].<ref name=antebellumHN/> Other advances in manufacturing were in making [[paint]], [[furniture]], [[paper]] and [[glass]].<ref name=antebellumHN/> Between 1814 and 1865, the population grew by a factor of four.<ref name=industantibellumHC>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Ant/Economics/Industry.html |title=Industry in Antebellum America |author=Marc Schulman |website=History Central |publisher=Multieducator |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Manufacturing output grew to twelve times and the price of manufactured [[goods]] grew to eight times what it was before.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> Most of this growth was in New England.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> Rivers provided power for [[mill (grinding)|mill]]s. In [[Pennsylvania]] [[coal]] and [[iron ore]] were [[mine]]d.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> Agriculture remained an important industry in the North. Schools provided education provided a literate supply of workers and inventors.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> Large [[port]]s and [[ship]]s provided transportation to foreign markets.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> Also [[railroad]]s and water transportation such as the Erie Canal provided goods and services further west.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> A steady supply of [[immigrant]]s provided much of the labor force that ran the Northern industries.<ref name=industantibellumHC/> During this period a number of social movements including anti-slavery began to have noticeable effects on [[society]].<ref name=abolutGLIAH>{{cite web |url=http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/essays/abolition-and-antebellum-reform |title=Abolition and Antebellum Reform |publisher=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref> In 1831 more radical forms of [[abolitionist]]  movements emerged.<ref name=abolutGLIAH/>

== U.S. presidents ==
<gallery>
File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|{{center|1. George Washington<br> (1789–1797)}}
File:Johnadams.jpg|{{center|2. John Adams<br> (1797–1801)}}
File:02 Thomas Jefferson 3x4.jpg|{{center|3. Thomas Jefferson<br> (1801–1809)}}
File:JamesMadison.jpg|{{center|4. James Madison<br> (1809–1817)}}
File:GSJamesMonroe.jpg|{{center|5. James Monroe<br> (1817–1825)}}
File:John Quincy Adams.jpg|{{center|6. John Quincy Adams<br> (1825–1829)}}
File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|{{center|7. Andrew Jackson<br> (1829–1837)}}
File:MartinVanBuren.png|{{center|8. Martin Van Buren<br> (1837–1841)}}
File:William Henry Harrison.jpg|{{center|9. William Henry Harrison<br> (1841)}}
File:Johntyler.jpg|{{center|10. John Tyler<br> (1841–1845)}}
File:JamesKnoxPolk.png|{{center|11. James Polk<br> (1845–1849)}}
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqmbM5emWzQ Antebellum America; YouTube]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCJFO_6QR7A The Jeffersonian Era; YouTube]

{{American Civil War}}

[[Category:18th century in the United States]]
[[Category:19th century in the United States]]
[[Category:Origins of the American Civil War]]