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Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

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1965 war

Pakistani M4A1E6/M4A1(76)W Sherman medium tanks and infantry push forward while under fire.
Date6 September - 23 September 1965
Location
Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bengal
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
 Pakistan  India
Commanders and leaders
Pakistan Ayub khan
Pakistan Musa khan		 India Lal Bahadur Shastri
India J.N Chaudhuri
Strength

233,000 Infantry [1]
1,100 tanks [2]

260 aircrafts

900,000 Infantry [1]
1,450 tanks [3]

700+ aircrafts
Casualties and losses

Neutral claims:
1500 troops killed[1][4]
4,300 wounded[1][4]

200[5]-250 tanks[6]

19 aircrafts[4]

Neutral claims:
3,712 troops killed[1][4]
7,638 wounded [1][4]

200[5]-300 tanks[6]

75 aircrafts [4]


The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a Conflict that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War. Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The conflict began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. All-out war broke out on 6 September when India attack on Lahore and end on 23 September.[7] The 17 days of war caused thousands of deaths on both sides. Ceasefire was declared through UNSC (United Nations Security Council) Resolution 211. The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the war.

Background

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Since the partition of British India in August 1947, Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues. Although the Kashmir conflict was the predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the Rann of Kutch, a barren region in the Indian state of Gujarat. In early 1965 a conflict broke out in Rann of Kutch also known as Kutch Conflict that also increase the hostilities between in India and Pakistan.[8]

Major Battles

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Battle of Chawinda
Battle of Kasur
Battle of Batapur
Battle of Jassar
Battle of Chummb
Battle of Ichogil bund

Losses

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According to neural claims Pakistan suffered from 1,500 Soldiers killed and 4,300 wounded. India suffered from 3,712 Soldiers killed and 7,638 wounded.[1] Pakistan lost 200[5]-250[6] tanks and India lost 200[5]-300[6] tanks. Pakistan lost around 19 aircrafts and India lost 75 aircrafts.[4]

Details

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The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters pre-India and 3,000 pre neutral sources [9] were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore.[10] At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when UN asked for ceasefire.[11] Both India and Pakistan suffered from heavy losses [8]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (2005). Encyclopedia of Wars. Facts On File. pp. Page: 602 https://ibb.co/WNvkz41K. ISBN 978-0-8160-2851-1.
  2. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  3. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-04-24). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2021-06-30). Tank Battles of the Cold War, 1948–1991. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-5267-7802-4.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "OUTCOME OF INDIA-PAKISTAN WARFARE | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
  7. ↑ Chandigarh, India – Main News. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-14.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bajwa, Farooq Naseem (2013). From Kutch to Tashkent: the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-84904-230-7. OCLC 809939368.
  9. ↑ Nawaz, Shuja (2018). Crossed swords: Pakistan, its army, and the wars within. Oxford Pakistan paperbacks (Second edition ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-940567-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  10. ↑ "Are India's plans to celebrate 1965 war 'victory' in 'bad taste'?". 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
  11. ↑ "1965 War". www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2018-01-04.


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