List of Kurdish states, dynasties and countries
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This is a list of Kurdish dynasties, countries, and autonomous territories. By the 10th century, the term "Kurd" did not have an ethnic connotation and referred to Iranian nomads in the region between Lake Van and Lake Urmia. In Arabic medieval sources, "Kurd" referred to non-Persian and non-Turkish nomads and semi-nomads.
Except for the Kurdish languages, some ethnic Kurds speak Zaza and Gorani languages.[1]
Early entities
[change | change source]
- Sadakiyans (770–827)
- Daysam (938–955)[2][3]
- Shaddadids (951–1199)[4][5][6][7]
- Rawwadids (955–1071) – They were of Arab origin, later Kurdicized.[7]
- Hasanuyids (959–1014)[6]
- Marwanids (983–1096)[8][6][7]
- Annazids (990/991–1117)[9][6]
- Fadlawayh (11th–12th centuries)[10]
- Hazaraspids (1115–1425)[11]
- Ayyubids (1171–1260)[12][a]
- Principality of Bitlis (1187–1847)
- Vassaldom of Ardalan (14th century–1865/1868)
- Emirate of Çemişgezek (13th century–1663)
- Germiyan Beylik (1300–1429) – Mixed Turkish and Kurdish origin.[14]
- Mukriyan (14th–19th centuries)
- Zarrinnaal dynasty (1448–1925)
- Emirate of Pazooka (1499–1587)
- Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)[b]
- Principality of Suleyman (15th century–1838)
- Emirate of Soran (before 1514–1836)
- Emirate of Miks (?–1846)
Remnants of the Ayyubid Dynasty (13th–19th centuries)
[change | change source]
- Emirate of Bingöl (1231–1864)
- Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524)
- Emirate of Kilis
- Emirate of Şirvan (?–1840s)
- Emirate of Hakkâri (before 1380s–1845)
- Principality of Zirqan (1335–1835)
- Emirate of Bahdinan (1339–1843)[15]
- Emirate of Bohtan (?–1833)
- Principality of Mahmudi (1406–1839)
- Principality of Pinyaşi (1548–1823)
Buffer zones between the Ottomans and Persia (13th–19th centuries)
[change | change source]- Emirate of Pazooka (1499–1587)
- Emirate of Soran (before 1514–1836)
- Principality of Suleyman (15th century–1838)
- Emirate of Şirvan (?–1840s)
- Principality of Baban (16th century–1850)[16]
- Principality of Pinyaşi (1548–1823)
- Sarab Khanate (?–1747)
- Khoy Khanate (?–1799)
- Tabriz Khanate (1757–1799)
20th–21st century entities
[change | change source]- Kingdom of Kurdistan (1918–1924/1925)
- Kurdistan Uyezd (1923–1929)
- Republic of Ararat (1927–1931)
- Republic of Mahabad (1946)
- Republic of Laçin (1992)
- Islamic Emirate of Byara (2001–2003)
Present day
[change | change source]Autonomous
[change | change source]There are two autonomous regions established by the Kurds. The first is the Kurdistan Regional Government, the only officially recognised Kurdish administration, founded in Iraqi Kurdistan after initiatives by the Iraqi Kurds. The second is the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), declared by the Syrian Kurds during the Syrian civil war as autonomous cantons, later federated.
| Autonomy | Flag | Map | Years | Part of | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurdistan Region |  |
 |
1992 | Iraq | 46,862 km2 |
| Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria |  |
 |
2013 | Syria (de facto) | 50,000 km2 |
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Saladin, the founder of the dynasty, was a Kurd.[13]
- ↑ Amoretti & Matthee 2009: "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)" Matthee 2005, p. 18: "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the stat they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. Yet, the Turk versus Tajik division was not impregnable." Matthee 2008: "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup." Savory 2008, p. 8: "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams." Hamid 2006, p. 456–474: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafeʿite in school and probably Kurdish in origin." Amanat 2017, p. 40 "The Safavi house originally was among the landowning nobility of Kurdish origin, with affinity to the Ahl-e Haqq in Kurdistan (chart 1). In the twelfth century, the family settled in northeastern Azarbaijan, where Safi al-Din Ardabili (d. 1334), the patriarch of the Safavid house and Ismail's ancestor dating back six generations, was a revered Sufi leader." Tapper 1997, p. 39: "The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction, they later claimed descent from the Prophet." Manz 2021, p. 169: "The Safavid dynasty was of Iranian – probably Kurdish – extraction and had its beginnings as a Sufi order located at Ardabil near the eastern border of Azerbaijan, in a region favorable for both agriculture and pastoralism."
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Michiel Leezenberg (1993). "Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing?" (PDF). ILLC - Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam.
- ↑ Bosworth 1994, pp. 172–173.
- ↑ Madelung 1975, p. 232.
- ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 151.
- ↑ Peacock 2000.
- 1 2 3 4 Kennedy 2016, p. 215.
- 1 2 3 Vacca 2017, p. 7.
- ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 89.
- ↑ Aḥmad 1985, p. 97–98.
- ↑ Spuler 2012.
- ↑ Bosworth 2003, p. 93.
- ↑ Mazaheri & Gholami 2008.
- ↑ Riley-Smith 2008, p. 64; Humphreys 1977, p. 29; Lewis 1950, p. 166
- ↑ Magoulias 1975, p. 265.
- ↑ Hassanpour 1988, p. 485.
- ↑ Atmaca 2012.
Sources
[change | change source]- Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2008). The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam. Columbia Universty Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14625-8.
- Aḥmad, K. M. (1985). "ʿANNAZIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. Fasc. 1. pp. 97–98.
- Atmaca, Metin (2012). "Bābān". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25080. ISBN 9789004464582.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Hassanpour, A. (1988). "BAHDĪNĀN". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. p. 485.
- Lewis, Bernard (1950). Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-158766-5.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Spuler, B. (2012). Faḍlawayh. Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2233. ISBN 9789004161214.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East From the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (3nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781317376392.
- Peacock, Andrew (2000). "SHADDADIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Magoulias, Harry J. (1975). Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks. State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1540-8.
- Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521583367.
- Bosworth, C.E (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1994). "Daysam". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VII, Fasc. 2. pp. 172–173.
- Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
- Vacca, Alison (2017). Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107188518.
- Mazaheri, Mas‘ud Habibi; Gholami, Rahim (2008). "Ayyūbids". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopedia Islamica. Brill. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0323. ISBN 978-90-04-16860-2.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "HAZĀRASPIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XII. Fasc. 1. p. 93.
- Matthee, Rudi (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton Universty Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3260-6.
- Hamid, Algar (2006). "IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII. Fasc. 5. pp. 456–474.
- Minorsky, Vladimir (2012). "Lak". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0562. ISBN 9789004161214.
- Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.
- Amanat, Abbas (2017). Iran: a Modern History. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300231465.
- Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Savory, Roger (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. VIII. Fasc. 1. p. 8.
- Manz, Beatrice F. (2021). Nomads in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139028813.