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[[File:Flag of Odesa.svg|thumb|250px|Flag of Odesa]]
[[File:Coat of Arms of Odesa.svg|thumb|250px|Coat of arms of Odesa]]
'''Odesa'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/55-2010-%D0%BF|title=Resolution no. 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, January 27, 2010|website=zakon2.rada.gov.ua|language=uk|accessdate=2017-04-15}}</ref> ({{lang-uk|Одеcа}}, {{IPA|[ɔˈdɛsɑ]}}; also known as '''Odessa''', {{Lang-ru|Одесса}}) is a city in southwestern [[Ukraine]] on the [[Black Sea]] shore. It is the [[Capital city|administrative center]] of the province of [[Odesa Oblast]]. It is a major port on the [[Black Sea]]. The mayor of Odesa is [[Hennadiy Trukhanov]]. In 2004, about 1,012,500 people lived in Odesa.

== Overview ==
Odesa is a [[warm water port]]. However, it is thought to be of small military value. Since [[Turkey]] controls the [[Dardanelles]] and [[Bosphorus]], [[NATO]] can control ships moving between Odesa and the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

=== Ports ===
The city has two important ports: Odesa itself and '''Pivdennyi Seaport''' , which used to be called Yuzhne.  In December 2021, Pivdennyi port handled 5.77 million tons of cargo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pryma|first=Andrew|date=2022-01-12|title=The seaport of Pivdennyi has set a record of cargo turnover|url=https://ubn.news/the-seaport-of-pivdennyi-has-set-a-record-of-cargo-turnover/|access-date=2023-12-19|website=UBN|language=en-US}}</ref>   Another important port, [[Chornomorsk]], is in the same [[oblast]], to the south-west of Odesa. . Railways and pipelines come to these ports. Pipelines connect Odesa's oil and chemical factories to [[Russia]]'s and the [[EU]]'s.

[[File:Odessa downtown.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Odesa Сircuit Court building and Church of the monastery of St. Panteleimon (church consecrated in 1895; used as a planetarium in 1961–1991).]]

Odesa is the fifth-largest city in [[Ukraine]]. It is important in the country's trading. In the [[19th century]], it was the fourth city of [[Imperial Russia]]. It was just smaller than [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], and [[Warsaw]].<ref name="PH">{{cite journal
| first =Patricia
| last =Herlihy
| year =1977
| title =The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century
| pages =53
}}</ref> Its old buildings appear to be more Mediterranean than Russian. They were made like [[France|French]] and [[Italy|Italian]] buildings.

== History ==
[[File:potemkinstairs.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The 142-metre-long Potemkin (originally Richelieu) Stairs. These stairs were constructed between 1834 and 1841. [[Sergei Eisenstein]] made them famous in his movie  ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]''.]]

=== Before the 20th century ===
A [[Ancient Greece|very old Greek colony]] named ''Olbia'' ({{lang-el|Ολβία}}, glorious) perhaps was where the city is now. Many monuments  link this place to the Eastern [[Mediterranean]].

In the Middle Ages, these lands were a part of the [[Kievan Rus]], [[Galich]] and [[Volyn]] Principality, the [[Golden Horde]], the '''Great Lithuanian Principality''', the [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Crimean [[Tatars]] traded there in the [[14th century]]. At the time of the [[Russia]]n–[[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] wars, the lands were captured by [[Russia]]. That was at the end of the 18th century.<ref name="OO">{{cite web|url=http://www.odessaonline.com.ua/eng/gonm.php?dir=history&m2=1&m3=1|title=History of Odessa|author=|publisher=Odessa Online|accessdate=May 1, 2006|archive-date=November 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106061951/http://www.odessaonline.com.ua/eng/gonm.php?dir=history&m2=1&m3=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port. During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] times, it was the most important port of trade in the [[U.S.S.R.]] and a Soviet [[naval]] [[military base|base]]. On January 1, 2000, the Quarantine Pier of Odesa trade sea port was made a [[free port]] and [[free economic zone]] for 25 years.

=== 15th century ===
In the [[15th century]] [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[nomad]]ic tribes of the [[Nogays]], under the government of the [[Crimean Khanate|Khanate of Crimea]], lived there. During the reign of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Haci I Giray]], he was in danger from the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Ottoman Turks]]. To get help, the khan gave Odesa to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The place now called Odesa was then named ''Khadjibey''. It was part of the [[Dykra]] region. Few people lived in that region. They were part of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes. The land was mostly empty [[steppe]]s.

The [[Ottoman Empire]] controlled Khadjibey after 1529. The nearby region Khadjibey was named [[Yedisan]]. In the middle of the [[18th century]], the Ottomans rebuilt a [[fortress]] at Khadjibey. It was named Eni Dunia.

At the time of the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792|war between Russia and Turkey (1787–1792)]], on 25 September 1789, [[Ivan Gudovich]] led a group of Russian soldiers to Khadjibey. They took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]]. A [[Spanish people|Spaniard]] in the Russian army named Major General [[José de Ribas]] led one group of soldiers. Russians named him Osip Mikhailovich Deribas. The main street in Odesa today is named [[Deribasovskaya]] Street after him. Turkey let Russia keep the city in the [[Treaty of Jassy]] in 1792. Russians made it a part of a place they named [[Novorossiya]].

=== Origins of the name ===
In 1794, the [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] government decided to build a naval fortress on the ruins of Khadjibey city.  In 1795 its new name was first written in government letters. The reasons for the new name are lost, but people had theories.

==== Catherine II ====
According to one of the stories, when someone said [[Odessos]] should be the name for the new Russian port, [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and she did not want another one. So, she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odessa. This story may be false. There were at least two cities ([[Eupatoria]] and [[Theodosia]]) with names that sound 'feminine' for a Russian; also, Catherine&nbsp;II did not speak Russian when she was a child, and lastly, all cities are [[grammatical gender|feminine]] in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] (and in [[Latin]]). 

==== French ====
Another story is that the name 'Odesa' is from word-play in [[French language|French]]. French ''was'' then the language spoken at the Russian court. 'Plenty of water' is ''assez d'eau'' in French. If one says this backwards, it sounds like the Greek colony's name. Word-play about water makes sense. Odesa is next to a very big body of water but has a little fresh water. Anyhow, there is still a link with the name of the old Greek colony. So there may be some truth in the things people said long ago.

The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]], who was the city's [[governor]] between 1803 and 1814. He fled the [[French Revolution]] and served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organising its [[amenities]] and infrastructure. He is also considered to be one of the founding fathers of the city together with another Frenchman, Count [[Alexandre Langeron]], who succeeded him in office. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by [[Ivan Martos]].

==== Free port ====
In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], [[Jews]], [[Greece|Greeks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Albania]]ns, [[Armenians]], [[Italy|Italians]], [[French people|Frenchmen]], [[Germans]] and traders representing many other European nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, ''e.g.'', ''Frantsuszkiy'' (French) and ''Italianskiy'' (Italian) Boulevards, ''Grecheskaya'' (Greek), ''Evreyskaya'' (Jewish), ''Arnautskaya'' (Albanian) Streets). Its [[cosmopolitan]] nature was written about by the great Russian poet [[Alexander Pushkin]], who lived in [[internal exile]] in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters he wrote that Odesa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".

Odesa's growth was interrupted by the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856, during which it was [[bombardment|bombarded]] by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] and [[France|French]] naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with [[Kyiv]] and [[Kharkov|Kharkiv]] as well as [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]].
[[File:Odessa richelieu.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Richelieu Street and the Opera Theatre in the 1890s.]]

The city became the home of a large [[Jewish]] community during the [[19th century]]. By 1897, Jews were about 37% of the population. They were repeatedly subjected to severe [[persecution]]. [[Pogrom]]s were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905. Many Jews fled abroad, particularly to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for [[Zionism]].

=== First half of the 20th century ===
In 1905 Odesa was the place of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture, ''The Battleship Potemkin,'' was about the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were killed on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history.

At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The steps continue to be a tourist attraction. The film was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.

Following the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in 1917 during [[World War I]], Odesa was occupied by several groups, including the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] ''Tsentral'na Rada'', the [[French Army]], the [[Red Army]] and the [[White Army]]. Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odesa and united it with the [[Ukrainian SSR]], which later became part of the [[USSR]].

The people of Odesa suffered from a great [[famine]] that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the war. [[Romania|Romanian]] and [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces from 1941 to 1944 occupied the city during [[World War II]], causing severe damage and many casualties.

{{Further|Odessa massacre (1941)}}

Under the [[Axis powers|Axis]] occupation, approximately 60,000 Odesans, mostly [[Jews]], were either [[Odessa massacre (1941)|massacred]] or deported.<ref>
* {{cite web|website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]]|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/odessa|title=The Holocaust in Odesa|access-date=October 22, 2024}}
* {{cite web |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/final-solution-beginning/romania.html |title=Murder of the Jews of Romania |access-date=October 22, 2024 |quote=Romania [...] had a Jewish population of about 757,000 before [[World War II]] [...] the Romanian army, with the partial cooperation of ''[[Einsatzgruppe]] D'' and some of the local population, massacred 100,000-120,000 of the Jewish population of Bessarabia and North Bukovina [...] In total, 380,000 – 400,000 Jews, including the Jews of [[Transnistria]], were murdered in Romanian-controlled areas under the dictatorship of [[Ion Antonescu|Antonescu]].}}</ref><ref>
* International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.
* Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
* Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.
* Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.
* Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.</ref> Many parts of Odesa were damaged during its fall and later recapture in April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the [[Soviet Army]]. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945.
{{-}}

=== Second half of the 20th century ===
[[File:Odessa 1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pushkinskaya Street.]]

During the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]], the city grew tremendously. Between the [[1970s]] and [[1990s]], most of Odesa's surviving [[Jew]]s emigrated to [[Israel]], the [[United States]] and other [[Western world|Western]] countries. Many of Odesa's middle and upper classes moved to [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad.]]The city grew even more with new [[Rural area|rural]] migrants elsewhere from Ukraine. Industrial professionals were invited from Russia as well as other Soviet republics.

Despite being part of the [[Ukraine Socialist Republic]], the city preserved and somewhat [[Operant conditioning|reinforced]] its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture. It also preserved its predominantly Russian speaking environment, with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian being spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, [[Greece|Greek]], [[Armenians|Armenian]], [[Moldovans|Moldovan]], [[Azeri]] and Jewish communities, have all contributed to the different aspects of Odesa.

[[File:Odessa 3.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Odesa [[tram]].]]

In 1991, after the collapse of [[Soviet Union]], the city became part of newly independent [[Ukraine]]. In 2020, Odesa had about 1.1 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population of Cities in Ukraine (2020)|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/ukraine|access-date=2020-08-11|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> The city's industries include [[shipbuilding]], [[oil refining]], [[chemicals]], [[metalworking]] and [[food processing]]. It is also a Ukrainian [[naval]] [[Military base|base]] and home to a [[fishing]] fleet. It is also known for its huge outdoor [[market]], the [[Seventh-Kilometer Market]].

The transportation network of Odesa consists of trams<ref name = "trams">{{cite web
| author =
| url =http://www.dgmaestro.com/tram
| title =Odessa Tram Themes
| publisher =
| accessdate =2006-05-02
}}</ref> (streetcars), [[trolleybus]]es, [[bus]]es; and [[marshrutka]]s.

== Geography and features ==
Odesa ([http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=46.485629,30.747643&spn=0.292391,0.502934&t=k&hl=en Google Map]) is above the hills overlooking a small [[harbor]]. It is approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north of the estuary of the [[Dniester]] river and some 443 km (275&nbsp;mi) south of the Ukrainian capital [[Kyiv]]. The city has a [[continental climate]] (''Dfa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with average temperatures in January of -2&nbsp;°C (29&nbsp;°F), and July of 22&nbsp;°C (73&nbsp;°F). It averages only 350&nbsp;mm (14&nbsp;in) rain annually.

Most people speak [[Russian language|Russian]], with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] being less common despite of it being an official language in Ukraine. The city is a mix of many nationalities and ethnic groups, including [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], [[Jews]], [[Greece|Greeks]], [[Moldovans]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Armenians]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]] among others.

== Culture ==
[[File:Odessa library.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Odesa Public Library (now Archaeological Museum), like so many other landmarks in the city, was designed in [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] style.]]

Odesa is a popular tourist destination. It has many [[Resort|resorts]] in and around the city. The [[Tolstoy]], [[Mikhail Vorontsov|Vorontsov]], and [[Potocki]] families owned [[palace]]s in Odesa. They are still open for visits from the public.

== Notable people ==

=== Arts and literature ===
The writer [[Isaac Babel]] was born in the city. It has also produced several famous musicians, including the [[violinist]]s [[Nathan Milstein]], [[Mischa Elman]] and [[David Oistrakh]], and the [[pianist]]s [[Benno Moiseiwitsch]], [[Sviatoslav Richter]] and [[Emil Gilels]]. The [[chess]] player [[Efim Geller]] was born in the city. All listed, except for Richter, are representatives of the city's Jewish community.

=== Entertainment ===
The most popular Russian show-business people from Odesa are [[Yakov Smirnoff]] ([[comedian]]), [[Mikhail Zhvanetsky]] (legendary [[humorist]] writer, who began his career as port engineer) and [[Roman Kartsev]] ([[comedian]]). Their success in [[1970s]] contributed to Odesa's status of a "capital of Soviet humour". Later several humour [[festival]]s were established in the city, including the celebration of  [[April Fools' Day]].

== Tourism ==
Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of [[limestone]] mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local [[smuggler]]s. This created a complicated [[labyrinth]] of underground tunnels beneath Odesa, known as "[[catacombs]]". They are a now a great attraction for [[extreme tourist]]s. Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. These tunnels are a primary reason why subway was never built in Odesa.

== Economy ==
The economy of Odesa is based on its port and its close distance to nearby ice-free ports in the mouths of the [[Dnieper]], the Southern [[Bug (river)|Bug]], the [[Dniester]] and the [[Danube]] rivers. During the Soviet period, it was the USSR's largest trading port. Since Ukraine's independence, Odesa remains the busiest international port in the country. Odesa is also a home to almost 5% of all IT companies registered in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mind.ua/publications/20189963-pishli-na-proriv-ukrayinskij-it-rinok-zrostae-shvidshe-za-svitovij|title=Пішли на прорив: український ІТ-ринок зростає швидше за світовий|website=Mind.ua|language=uk|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> It helps the city to thrive and attract talented software programmers from other cities of Ukraine and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dou.ua/lenta/articles/it-market-odessa/|title=Обзор IT-рынка труда: Одесса|website=ДОУ|language=ru|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>

== Twin towns and sister cities ==
{{div col}}
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Alexandria]], Egypt, ''(since 1968)''
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]], United States, ''(since 1975)''<ref name="Baltimore">{{cite web|url=http://baltimore.org/visitors/international/sister-cities|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Baltimore Convention & Tourism Board|accessdate=19 October 2011|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011195723/http://baltimore.org/visitors/international/sister-cities/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MDA}} [[Chişinău]], Moldova, ''(since 1994)''<ref name="Chișinău twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526|title=Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher=Primăria Municipiului Chişinău|archivedate=3 September 2012|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Romanian|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Constanţa]], Romania, ''(since 1991)''
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Gdańsk]], Poland
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Genoa]], Italy, ''(since 1972)''
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel, ''(since 1992)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haifa.muni.il/Cultures/en-US/city/CitySecretary_ForeignAffairs/EngActs.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621013813/http://www.haifa.muni.il/Cultures/en-US/city/CitySecretary_ForeignAffairs/EngActs.htm |archivedate=21 June 2008 |title=Twin City activities |publisher=Haifa Municipality |accessdate=2 November 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey, ''(since 1997)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|title=Sister Cities of Istanbul|accessdate=2 November 2008|archive-date=17 January 2010|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq0Igk9U?url=http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185|publisher=Radikal|language=Turkish|date=3 November 2003|quote=49 sister cities in 2003|title=İstanbul'a 49 kardeş|last=Erdem|first=Selim Efe|accessdate=2 November 2008}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SAU}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata]], India, ''(since 1986)''<ref name="Kolkata twinnings">{{cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Jaideep|title=A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms|accessdate=17 November 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=17 November 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[León, Guanajuato|León]], Mexico, ''(since 2012)''
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Liverpool]], United Kingdom, ''(since 1957)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp|title=Liverpool City Council: twinning|accessdate=2 November 2008|archive-date=6 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706031557/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Community_and_living/Twinning/index.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Łódź]], Poland, ''(since 1993)''<ref name="Łódź twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624211727/http://www.uml.lodz.pl/samorzad/miasta_partnerskie_lodzi/tabelka/|title=Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|accessdate=21 July 2013|archivedate=24 June 2013|work=City of Łódź|language=Polish|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France, ''(since 1973)''<ref name="Marseille">{{cite web |url=http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/international/pid/185 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505065256/http://www.marseille.fr/vdm/cms/accueil/mairie/international/pid/185 |archivedate=5 May 2008 |title=Marseille Official Website – Twin Cities |accessdate=26 November 2008 |publisher=2008 Ville de Marseille |language=fr |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Nicosia]], Cyprus, ''(since 1996)''
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]], Finland, ''(since 1957)''<ref name="Oulu Twin Cities">{{cite web|url=http://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/ystavyyskaupungit|title=Ystävyyskaupungit (Twin Cities)|accessdate=27 July 2013|work=Oulun kaupunki (City of Oulu)|language=Finnish|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710050221/https://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/ystavyyskaupungit|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Piraeus]], Greece, ''(since 1993)''<ref name="Greek twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf|title=Twinnings|accessdate=25 August 2013|work=Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece|archive-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115172503/http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Qingdao]], China, ''(since 1993)''
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Regensburg]], Germany, ''(since 1990)''
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Rosh HaAyin]], Israel
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rostov-on-Don]], Russia, ''(since 1999)''
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia|Split]], Croatia, ''(since 1964)''<ref name="Split twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526|title=Gradovi prijatelji Splita|accessdate=19 December 2013|work=Grad Split [Split Official City Website]|language=Croatian|trans-title=Split Twin Towns|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035937/http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526|archivedate=24 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Szeged]], Hungary, ''(since 1977)''
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain, ''(since 1982)''<ref name="Valencia twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&idapoyo=&lang=1&nivel=3|title=Ciudades Hermanadas con València|accessdate=8 August 2013|work=Ajuntament de València [City of Valencia]|trans-title=Valencia Twin/Sister Cities|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029071705/http://www.valencia.es/ayuntamiento/rinternacionales_accesible.nsf/vDocumentosTituloAux/D80022569C2533B9C12571F100285E72?OpenDocument&bdOrigen=ayuntamiento%2Frinternacionales_accesible.nsf&idapoyo=&lang=1&nivel=3|archivedate=29 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Van, Turkey|Van]], Turkey
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada, ''(since 1944)''<ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web|url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf|title=Vancouver Twinning Relationships|publisher=City of Vancouver|accessdate=18 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]], Bulgaria <small>''(since 1958)''</small>
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia <small>''(since 1995)''<ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/|title=Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities|accessdate=4 November 2013|work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website|publisher= 2005–2013 www.yerevan.am}}</ref><ref name="Yerevan twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|script-title=hy:ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ|accessdate=5 August 2013|trans-title=Yerevan expanding its international relations|language=Armenian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news|archivedate=12 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], Japan <small>''(since 1968)''<ref name="Yokohama">{{cite web|url=http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|title=Official Yokohama City Tourism Website: ''Sister Cities''|accessdate=11 November 2008|publisher=Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau|archive-date=27 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827064945/http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref></small>
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Wikivoyage|Odessa}}
{{Commons}}
{{reflist}}{{Hero Cities of the Soviet Union}}
[[Category:Odesa| ]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Black Sea]]