Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech. It uses words, not literally, but figuratively. It takes a word from its original context, and uses it in another.
- "I beat him with a stick" = literal meaning of 'beat'.
- "I beat him in an argument" = metaphorical meaning of 'beat'.
We use metaphors to make indirect comparisons, but without using 'like' or 'as' – because that would be a simile. A simile is a direct comparison: "Jane is like a child".
Most metaphors are concepts: see conceptual metaphor.
A metaphor very often uses the verb 'to be': "love is war", for example, not "love is like war" (that is a simile). Poetry includes much metaphor, usually more than prose.
Idioms use metaphors, or are metaphors: for example, the English phrase to kick the bucket means to die.
Spam is an example that any email user knows about – this word was originally a metaphor, from 'Spam', a type of canned meat. Servers putting unwanted email into somebody's inbox was similar to waiters putting unwanted Spam into food. This was originally suggested by a Monty Python skit (funny scene). When we use a metaphor very often and we forget the old meaning, or forget that the two meanings are connected, this is a 'dead metaphor'.
Originally metaphor was a Greek word for 'transfer'. It came from meta ('change') and pherein ('carry'). So the word metaphor in English was a metaphor, too. Today in Greek, metaphor is a trolley (a thing that is pushed for carrying shopping or bags).
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[change] Simple metaphors
[change] Description
A simple metaphor has a single link between the subject and the metaphoric vehicle. The vehicle thus has a single meaning which is transferred directly to the subject.
[change] Examples
- Cool down! [Cool = temperature]
- He was mad. [mad = anger]
- I'll chew on it. [chew = think]
In the simple metaphor, the cognitive effort to understand what the author or speaker intends is relatively low, and hence it may easily be used with a wider and less sophisticated audience.
The simple metaphor may be contrasted against metaphors which have multiple elements and meanings, for example in the compound metaphor or complex metaphor.
A simple metaphor is also known as a tight metaphor.
[change] Complex metaphors
[change] Description
A complex metaphor happens where a simple metaphor is based on a secondary metaphoric element. For example using a metaphor of 'light' for 'understanding' may be complexified by saying 'throwing light' rather than 'shining light'. 'Throwing' is an extra metaphor for how light arrives.
[change] Examples
- That lends weight to the argument.
- They stood alone, frozen statues on the plain.
- The ball happily danced into the net.
[change] Compound metaphors
[change] Description
A compound metaphor is one where there are multiple parts in the metaphor that are used to snag the listener. These parts may be enhancement words such as adverbs, adjectives, etc.
Each part in the compound metaphor may be used to signify an additional item of meaning.
[change] Examples
- Thick, primal, blind fog descended before his eyes.
- The car screeched in hated anguish, its flesh laid bare in the raucous collision.
Compound metaphors are like a multiple punch, hitting the listener repeatedly with metaphoric elements. Where the complex metaphor uses stacked layers to enhance the metaphor, the compound metaphor uses sequential words. The compound metaphor is also known as a loose metaphor.
[change] Live and dead metaphors
A live metaphor is one which a reader notices. A dead metaphor is one no-one notices because it has become so common in the language.
[change] Examples
Two people walk off a tennis court. Someone asks the loser: "What happened?".
- "He won". Literal truth.
- "He beat me". Obviously a dead metaphor.
- "He thrashed me". This one is slightly alive.
- The river runs. Dead, and many variations on this theme.
- Electricity is a fluid. Nearly dead.
- All our efforts are running into the sand. Live.
