View source for Cognitive bias

A '''cognitive bias''' happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This [[bias]] is an important part of the study of [[cognitive psychology]].<ref>Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". In Buss D.M. (ed). ''The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology''. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746.</ref> 

Cognitive biases do happen. [[Evolution|Primitive humans]] and animals do things which seem foolish later. The [[scientific method]] limits the results of cognitive bias.

Cognitive bias is a natural consequence of our using "gut feelings" to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available.

The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by [[Amos Tversky]] and [[Daniel Kahneman]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Kahneman D, Frederick S |chapter=Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment | veditors = Gilovich T, Griffin DW, Kahneman D |title=Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2002 |pages=51–52 |isbn=978-0-521-79679-8}}</ref> It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers. Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several [[repeat|repeatable]] ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from [[rational choice]]. The [[heuristics]] people use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates.<ref name=Baumeister2>{{cite book| vauthors = Baumeister RF, Bushman BJ |title=Social psychology and human nature: International Edition|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth|location=Belmont, USA|pages=141}}</ref> Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".

== List of biases ==
{{main|List of cognitive biases}}

These are some of the cognitive biases that are often studied:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Information
|-
| [[Fundamental attribution error]] (FAE, aka correspondence bias<ref name="Baumeister" />)
| <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones EE, Harris VA  |title=The attribution of attitudes|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|year=1967|volume=3|pages=1–24|doi=10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0}}</ref>
|-
|[[Implicit stereotype|Implicit bias]] (aka implicit stereotype, unconscious bias)
|
|-
|[[Priming (psychology)|Priming bias]]
|
|-
| [[Confirmation bias]]
| <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahoney MJ |title=Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research |year=1977 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=161–175 |doi=10.1007/bf01173636 |s2cid=7350256}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Jermias J |title=Cognitive dissonance and resistance to change: The influence of commitment confirmation and feedback on judgement usefulness of accounting systems| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_accounting-organizations-and-society_2001-03_26_2/page/141 |journal=Accounting, Organizations and Society|year=2001|volume=26|issue=2|pages=141–160|doi=10.1016/s0361-3682(00)00008-8}}</ref>
|-
| [[Affinity bias]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2018/11/19/unconscious-bias-and-three-ways-to-overcome-it/|title=Council Post: Unconscious Bias And Three Ways To Overcome It|first=Monica|last=Thakrar|website=Forbes}}</ref>
|-
| [[Self-serving bias]]
| 
|-
| [[Belief bias]]
| 
|-
| [[Framing effect (psychology)|Framing]]
| 
|-
| [[Hindsight bias]]
| 
|-
| [[Embodied cognition]]
| 
|-
|[[Anchoring (cognitive bias)|Anchoring bias]] 
|An example of the [[anchoring effect]], is that a person can be more likely to buy a car if it is placed next to a more expensive model (the anchor). During negotiations, prices that are lower than the price of the anchor, may seem reasonable, or can even seem cheap to the buyer, even if those prices are (still) relatively higher than the actual [[market value]] of the car.<ref name="Investopedia">{{Citation | title = Anchoring Definition | publisher = Investopedia | url = http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/anchoring.asp | access-date = September 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref>Cho, I. et al. (2018) 'The Anchoring Effect in Decision-Making with Visual Analytics', 2017 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2017 - Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 116–126. {{doi|10.1109/VAST.2017.8585665}}.</ref>
|-
|[[Status quo bias]]
|<ref>Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. and Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies The Endowment Effect,
Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, Journal of Economic Perspectives.</ref> <ref>Dean, M. (2008) 'Status quo bias in large and small choice sets', New York, p. 52. Available
at: http://www.yorkshire-exile.co.uk/Dean_SQ.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225094920/http://www.yorkshire-exile.co.uk/Dean_SQ.pdf |date=2010-12-25 }}.</ref>
|-
|[[Overconfidence effect]]
|<ref>{{Citation|last=Gimpel|first=Henner|title=Cognitive Biases in Negotiation Processes|date=2008|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-77554-6_16|work=Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering|series=Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing|volume=2|pages=213–226|editor-last=Gimpel|editor-first=Henner|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-77554-6_16|isbn=978-3-540-77553-9|access-date=2020-11-25|editor2-last=Jennings|editor2-first=Nicholas R.|editor3-last=Kersten|editor3-first=Gregory E.|editor4-last=Ockenfels|editor4-first=Axel}}</ref> Related page: [[Dunning–Kruger effect]].
|-
|[[Physical attractiveness stereotype]]
|(A habit or) [[tendency]] to (think or) [[assumption|assume]] that people who are
[[physical attractiveness|physically attractive]], are [[desirability|desirable]] for other reasons, too.<ref>Lorenz, Kate. (2005). "[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/Careers/07/08/looks/ Do Pretty People Earn More?]" http://www.CNN.com.</ref>
|}

== Related pages ==
*[[Apophenia]]
*[[Fallacy]]
*[[Fundamental attribution error]]
*[[Superiority bias]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Biases}}
{{World view}}


{{stub}}
[[Category:Cognition]]
[[Category:Bias]]