# Cross product

The cross product is a mathematical operation which can be done between two three-dimensional vectors. It is often represented by the symbol ${\displaystyle \times }$.[1] After performing the cross product, a new vector is formed. The cross product of two vectors is always perpendicular (it makes a corner-shaped angle) to both of the vectors which were "crossed".[2][3] This means that cross product normally works only in three-dimensional space; that is, anywhere where you can go up or down, left or right, and forward or backwards.

## Information about vectors

A vector is information that describes two things: which way (direction), and how much (magnitude). Usually, the simplest vector can be an arrow. How long is the line, and which way does the line and the pointed end of the arrow go?

## Importance of the cross product

Being a vector operation, the cross product is extremely important in all sorts of sciences (particularly physics), engineering, and mathematics. One important example of the cross product involves torque (pushing or pulling in a circle, like twisting off a bottle cap.) or moment. Another important application involves the magnetic field.

## Visualizing the cross product in three dimensions

Finding the direction of the cross product.

The cross product of ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$ is a vector that we shall call ${\displaystyle {\vec {c}}}$:

${\displaystyle {\vec {c}}={\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}}$

The vector ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}}$ is perpendicular to both ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$. The direction of ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}}$ is determined by a variation of the right-hand rule. By holding your right hand as shown in the picture, your thumb points in the direction of ${\displaystyle {\vec {c}}}$ (the cross product of ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$), with the index finger pointing in the direction that ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ points, and the middle finger pointing in the direction that ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$ points. If the angle between the index (your pointer finger) and middle (second finger away from your thumb) fingers is greater than 180°, then you need to turn the hand upside down.

## How to calculate the cross product in vector notation

Like any mathematical operation, the cross product can be done in a straightforward way.

### Two dimensions

Since cross products usually only work for three-dimensional vectors, the calculation of cross product in two dimensions thinks of the vectors as if they are on a flat surface (like a sheet of paper) in three dimensions (like a room or a large cube).

More specifically, if
${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}=\langle a_{1},a_{2}\rangle }$
and
${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}=\langle b_{1},b_{2}\rangle }$
then
${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}=(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}){\hat {k}}}$

or

${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}={\vec {c}}}$
and
${\displaystyle {\vec {c}}=\langle 0,0,a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}\rangle =(a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}){\hat {k}}}$

where ${\displaystyle {\hat {k}}}$ is just a symbol indicating that the new vector is pointing up (in the z-direction). If one "crosses" two vectors which are both in the xy-plane, then the product, being perpendicular to both vectors, must point in the z direction. If the value of ${\displaystyle a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}}$ is positive, then it points out of the page; if its value is negative, then it points into the page.

### Three dimensions

There are two ways to find the cross product of two 3D vectors: with coordinate notation or with angle.

#### Coordinate notation

Given vectors ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$, where
${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}=\langle a_{1},a_{2},a_{3}\rangle }$
and
${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}=\langle b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}\rangle }$

Then the cross product of ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$ is:
${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}=\langle a_{2}b_{3}-a_{3}b_{2},a_{3}b_{1}-a_{1}b_{3},a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}\rangle }$.[2]

#### With angle

Given vectors ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$, where
${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}=\langle a_{1},a_{2},a_{3}\rangle }$
and
${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}=\langle b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}\rangle }$

Then the cross product of ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$ is:
${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}=\left\|\mathbf {a} \right\|\left\|\mathbf {b} \right\|\sin(\theta )\ \mathbf {n} }$,[2]
where ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is the angle between ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$, ‖a‖ and ‖b‖ are the magnitudes of vectors ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$, and n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle {\vec {b}}}$.

## Basic properties of the cross product

• Anti-commutativity: ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}=-{\vec {b}}\times {\vec {a}}}$[2]
• Distributivity over addition: ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}\times ({\vec {b}}+{\vec {c}})={\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}}+{\vec {a}}\times {\vec {c}}}$[2]
• Scalar commutavity: ${\displaystyle c({\vec {a}}\times {\vec {b}})=(c{\vec {a}})\times {\vec {b}}={\vec {a}}\times (c{\vec {b}})}$

## References

1. "Comprehensive List of Algebra Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
2. Weisstein, Eric W. "Cross Product". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
3. "Cross Product". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.