Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich | |||||
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![]() Photograph by Sergey Levitsky, c. 1894 | |||||
48th Governor-General of Moscow | |||||
In office 1891 – 17 February 1905 | |||||
Monarch | Alexander III Nicholas II | ||||
Preceded by | Vladimir Dolgorukov | ||||
Succeeded by | Alexander Kozlov | ||||
Born | Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire | 11 May 1857||||
Died | 17 February 1905 Moscow Kremlin, Moscow, Moscow Governorate, Russian Empire | (aged 47)||||
Burial | |||||
Spouse | |||||
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House | Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov | ||||
Father | Alexander II of Russia | ||||
Mother | Marie of Hesse and by Rhine | ||||
Religion | Russian Orthodox |
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (Russian: Сергей Александрович; 11 May 1857 – 17 February 1905) was the fifth son and seventh child of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. He was a brother Emperor Alexander III and his nephew Tsar Nicholas II, who was also his brother-in-law through Sergei's marriage to Elizabeth Feodorovna, the sister of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.[1]
With a military career, Sergei fought in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and later recieved the Order of St George for courage and bravery in action. In 1882, his brother, Emperor Alexander III, appointed him commander of the 1st Battalion Preobrazhensky Life Guard Regiment, a position he held until 1891. In 1889, Sergei was promoted to the rank of major general.
In 1884, Sergei married Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. They both promoted the marriage of Sergei's nephew, Tsar Nicholas II, with Princess Alix of Hesse, Elisabeth's youngest sister.
From 1891 to 1905, Sergei served as Governor-General of Moscow. As Governor of Moscow, he implemented harsh conservative policies that made him a polarizing figure. At the start of his tenure, he expelled 20,000 Jews from Moscow and repressed a student movement to prevent the spread of revolutionary ideas. Because of this, he was often regarded as a reactionary. In 1894 Grand Duke Sergei was made a member of the State Council.
In 1896 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed as commander of Moscow Military District. After thirteen years of service, Sergei resigned from the governorship on 1 January 1905, though he remained head of the Moscow Military District. Targeted by the SR Combat Organization, he was assassinated later that year by a terrorist bomb at the Kremlin during the 1905 Russian Revolution.
Orders and decorations
[change | change source]- Knight of St. Andrew, 1857
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1857
- Knight of the White Eagle, 1857
- Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class, 1857
- Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class, 11 June 1865
- Knight of St. George, 4th Class, 20 October 1877
- Knight of St. Vladimir, 4th Class, 15 May 1883; 3rd Class, 30 August 1890; 1st Class, 15 May 1893
- Silver Commemorative Medal for the Reign of Emperor Alexander III, 17 March 1896
- Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, 13 June 1896
Austria-Hungary:
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1874[4]
- Commemoration Medal for the Golden Jubilee of Emperor Franz Joseph I
Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
- Template:Country data Emirate of Bukhara:
- Order of Noble Bukhara, in Diamonds
- Order of the Sun of Alexander
- Template:Country data Principality of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander
Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 3 August 1876[5]
- Template:Country data Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Template:Country data Saxe-Altenburg Template:Country data Saxe-Meiningen Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1878[6]
Ethiopia: Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon
France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 20 June 1891[7]
Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
Hesse and by Rhine:[8]
- Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 8 June 1857
- Knight of the Golden Lion, 15 June 1884
Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 15 April 1881[9]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion
Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 8 September 1900[10]
Mecklenburg:
- Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore
- Military Merit Cross, 1st Class (Schwerin)
Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I
Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
- Template:Country data Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown and Collar
Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class with Diamonds
Prussia:
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 10 June 1871[11]
- Pour le Mérite (military), 22 March 1879[11]
- Service Medal for Officers (25 years)
Persian Empire: Order of the August Portrait
Romania:
- Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
- Commemoration Medal for the Russo-Turkish War
- Crossing of the Danube Cross (military)
- Template:Country data Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1873[12]
Serbia: Grand Cross of the White Eagle
Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 4 July 1897[13]
Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 19 July 1875[14]
United Kingdom:
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 21 June 1887[15]
- Commemoration Medal for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria
Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1871[16]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 121
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Russian Imperial Army – Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (In Russian)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha 1905 (1905) page 80
- ↑ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
- ↑ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 32
- ↑ M. Wattel; B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 517. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ↑ Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1898, pp. 3, 6 – via hathitrust.org
- ↑ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
- ↑ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 7, 15, 1886
- ↑ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 15 Archived 30 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Royal Thai Government Gazette (22 January 1898). "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ที่ประเทศยุโรป" (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
- ↑ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1881, p. 378, retrieved 2018-01-06 – via runeberg.org
- ↑ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 212
- ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 27