View source for Suez Crisis

{{Distinguish|text=the [[2021 Suez Canal obstruction]]}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Suez Crisis
| partof            = the [[Cold War]] and the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]
| image             = Tanks Destroyed Sinai.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = Damaged Egyptian military vehicles in the [[Sinai Peninsula]]
| date              = {{Start date|df=yes|1956|10|29}}{{Spaced ndash}}{{End date|df=yes|1956|11|7}} <br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=10|day1=29|year1=1956|month2=11|day2=7|year2=1956}})
| place             = Egypt (from the [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic|Gaza Strip]] to the [[Suez Canal]])
| casus             = Egypt's nationalization of the [[Suez Canal]] and [[Israeli passage through the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran|closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping]]
| result            = See: [[#Aftermath|§ Aftermath]]
| territory         = [[Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula]] (and the Gaza Strip) until March 1957
| combatant1        = {{Flag|Israel}}<br/>{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br/>{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;[[French Fourth Republic|France]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;[[Republic of Egypt (1953)|Egypt]]
| commander1        = {{Unbulletedlist
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;'''[[David Ben-Gurion]]'''
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Moshe Dayan]]
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Asaf Simhoni]] {{KIA}}
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Haim Bar-Lev]]
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Avraham Yoffe]]
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Israel Tal]]
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Ariel Sharon]]
| {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;[[Uri Ben-Ari]]
| {{Flagdeco|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;'''[[Anthony Eden]]'''
| {{Flagdeco|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;[[Gerald Templer]]
| {{Flagdeco|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;[[Charles Keightley]]
| {{Flagdeco|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;[[Hugh Stockwell]]
| {{Flagdeco|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;[[Manley Laurence Power|Manley Power]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;'''[[René Coty]]'''
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;'''[[Guy Mollet]]'''
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;[[Pierre Barjot]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;[[André Beaufre]]
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;[[Jacques Massu]]}}
| commander2        = {{Unbulletedlist
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;'''[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]'''
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;'''[[Abdel Hakim Amer]]'''
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;Saadedden Mutawally
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;Sami Yassa
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;Jaafar al-Abd
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;Salahedin Moguy
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;Raouf Mahfouz Zaki}}
| strength1         = {{Flagdeco|Israel}}&nbsp;175,000<br/>{{Flagdeco|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;45,000<br/>{{Flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg}}&nbsp;34,000
| strength2         = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}}&nbsp;90,000<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War |year=2006 |page = 251}}{{harvnb|McGregor|2006|p=251}}</ref>
| casualties1       = '''Israel:'''{{Unbulletedlist
| 172 killed<ref name="LA Times">{{Cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=1991-03-08 |title=Casualties of Mideast Wars |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-08-mn-2592-story.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-03-17 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |page=A7}}</ref>
| 817 wounded
| 1 captured}}'''United Kingdom:'''{{Unbulletedlist
| 22 killed
| 96 wounded}}'''France:'''{{Unbulletedlist
| 10 killed
| 33 wounded}}
| casualties2       = {{Unbulletedlist
| 1,650<ref name="Varble 1956, p. 90">{{Harvnb|Varble|2003|p=90}}</ref>–3,000 killed<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armed Conflict Year Index |url=https://www.onwar.com/data/sinai1956.html |first=Ralph |last=Zuljan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153205/http://www.onwar.com/data/sinai1956.html |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=OnWar.com}}</ref>{{Sfn|Schiff|1974|p=70}}
| 4,900 wounded
| 5,000{{Sfn|Schiff|1974}}{{page needed|date=January 2024}}–30,000+ captured<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0X1qIECZcU#t=0m30s |chapter=Invasion of Egypt! |title=Israel – The Suez War of 1956: U.S. newsreel footage |time=0:30–0:40 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/h0X1qIECZcU |archive-date=2021-10-28 |url-status=live}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>}}<hr/>{{Unbulletedlist
| 215+ aircraft destroyed
| 125 tanks destroyed}}
| casualties3       = 1,000 civilians killed<ref name="Varble 1956, p. 90"/>
}}

The ''Suez Crisis'' was the [[invasion]] of [[Egypt]] by [[Israel]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] to regain control over the [[Suez Canal]] and remove then Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who nationalized the Suez Canal Company and Egypt's [[oil]] industry.

Before 1956, the Suez Company owned the Suez Canal, a private [[corporation]] mostly owned by British and French [[investor]]s. In 1956, Egyptian President Nasser [[Nationalization|nationalized]] the Canal. In other words, he took it away from the Suez Company and put the Egyptian government in control. Israel, the United Kingdom, and France invaded Egypt. 

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}}
* Bromberger, Merry and Serge ''Secrets of Suez'' Sidgwick & Jackson London 1957 (translated from French ''Les Secrets de l'Expedition d'Egypte'' by James Cameron)
* Doran, Michael. ''Ike's Gamble'', Free Press. Oct.2016.
* Pearson, Jonathan. (2002) ''Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis: Reluctant Gamble'' (Springer, 2002). [http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/jonathan_pearson_sir_anthony_eden_and_the_suez_cbook4you.org_.pdf online]
* {{Cite book |last=Schiff |first=Zeev |title=A History of the Israeli Army: 1870–1974 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli0000schi |date=1974 |publisher=Straight Arrow Books |isbn=978-0-8793-2077-5 |oclc=1188936 |ol=5068460M}}
* Shlaim, Avi. "The Protocol of Sevres, 1956: Anatomy of a War Plot." ''International Affairs'' 73#3 1997, pp.&nbsp;509–530. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2624270 online].
* Smith, Simon C. ed. ''Reassessing Suez 1956: New perspectives on the crisis and its aftermath'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Troen, S. Ilan. "The Protocol of Sèvres: British/French/Israeli Collusion Against Egypt, 1956." ''Israel Studies'' 1.2 (1996): 122-139 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ilan_Troen/publication/236703755_The_Protocol_of_Svres_BritishFrenchIsraeli_Collusion_Against_Egypt_1956/links/55a7d18608ae1dca686fcef1.pdf online].
* {{Cite book |last=Varble |first=Derek |title=The Suez Crisis 1956 |date=2003 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-8417-6418-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=McGregor |first=Andrew |title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr |publisher=Praeger |year=2006 |isbn=978-0275986018}}
{{Refend}}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons category|Suez Crisis}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070110234732/http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=355 Israel's Second War of Independence], essay in Azure magazine.
* [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/484pbqjx.asp?page=2 A Man, A Plan and A Canal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025836/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/484pbqjx.asp?page=2 |date=2013-12-03 }} by [[Arthur L. Herman]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001211346/https://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/maps/sinai.html Sinai Campaign 1956]
* [http://www.suezcrisis.ca Canada and the Suez Crisis]
* July 2006, [[BBC]], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5199392.stm Suez 50 years on]
* [http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=249&issue=112 ''Suez and the high tide of Arab nationalism''] ''International Socialism'' 112 (2006)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061125122924/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/04histoire/dossierdushd/suez/suezcarr2.htm Detailed report on the Suez campaign by Ground Forces Chief of Staff General Beaufre, French Defense Ministry archive] ('''French''')
* [http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/projects/suez/suez.html Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth anniversary exhibition]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101120140143/http://britains-smallwars.com/suez/suez-index.html Suez index] at Britains-smallwars.com – accounts by British servicemen who were present
* [http://www.cvce.eu/obj/speech_by_gamal_abdel_nasser_26_july_1956-en-d0ecf835-9f40-4c43-a2ed-94c186061d2a.html 26 July speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser] (French translation)
* [http://nasser.bibalex.org/Speeches/browser.aspx?SID=495 Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311161610/http://nasser.bibalex.org/Speeches/browser.aspx?SID=495 |date=2012-03-11 }} (Original text in Arabic)
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.653946|name=The Middle East (1963)}}
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=61875 Newsreel film, British Prime Minister's broadcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107101156/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=61875 |date=7 January 2012}} at Britishpathe.com
* ''[https://www.nfb.ca/film/blue_vanguard Blue Vanguard]'' (1957), National Film Board of Canada film for the United Nations about its role in restoring peace after the Suez Crisis (60 min, Ian MacNeill, dir.)

{{Egypt topics}}
{{Arab nationalism}}
{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Egypt–Israel relations}}
{{Israeli wars}}
{{Israel–Gaza conflict}}
{{Suez Canal}}
{{Middle East conflict}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:20th century in Egypt]]
[[Category:History of Israel]]
[[Category:Wars involving Egypt]]
[[Category:Wars involving France]]
[[Category:Wars involving Israel]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1956]]
[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict]]
[[Category:Egypt–Israel relations]]

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