User:Irtapil/Urdu alphabet 2

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alt versions from User:Irtapil/Urdu_alphabet_1[change | change source]

Additional characters and variations[change | change source]

{{efn-lr}} / {{notelist-lr}} footnotes[change | change source]
Group Letter
[lower-roman 1] 		Name
[glossary of key words above] 		Unicode
[1][2]
Nastaliq
[lower-roman 2] 		with
diacritics 		Romanizations
[3][4]
Alif آ آ الف مدہ الِف مَدّه
[3] 		alif maddah [3]
[lower-roman 3] 		U+0622
alef with madda above [2]
hamzah
ء 		ء ء ہمزہ ہَمْزه
[3] 		hamzah U+0621
hamza [2]
___ ___ hamza on the line  
ٔ  ٔ  ___ ___ hamza diacritic
[lower-roman 3]   		U+0654
"Hamza Above"
ٴ  ٴ  U+0674
"High Hamza"
ئ ئ ہمزہ ہَمْزه
[3] 		hamzah U+0626
yeh with hamza above [2]
___ ___  yē hamza / alif hamza
ۓ ۓ ___ ___  baṛī yē hamza U+06D3
yeh barree with hamza above [1]
ؤ ؤ واوِ مَہْمُوز واوِ مَہْمُوز
[3] 		vāv-e mahmūz [3] U+0624
waw with hamza above [2]
ۂ   ‍ۂ ۂ ـۂ ___ ___ U+06C2 -->
heh goal with hamza above [1]
or U+06C1 + U+0654
Arabic
[lower-roman 4] 		ۃ   ‍ۃ ۃ ـۃ تاء مربوطة Arabic:
تَاء مَرْبُوطَة 		Tāʼ marbūṭah
"bound ta" 		U+06C3 teh marbuta goal [1]
ة   ‍ة ة ـة U+0629 teh marbuta [2]
ت ت تاء مفتوحة Arabic:
تَاء مَفْتُوحَة 		Tāʼ maftūḥah
"open ta" 		U+062A Teh
Footnotes:[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Left: Urdu Nastaliq. Right: Arabic Naskh or modern style.
  2. ↑ The Nastaliq text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 see: Diacritic Omission .
  4. ↑ see: Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah below.
Diacritic Omission[change | change source]

Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی ( "āzādī", ɑ:zɑ:d̪i, freedom[5]) are distinguished in most contexts.

Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah[change | change source]

Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered an Urdu letter, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Ta mahbutah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu té, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with gol he [source?].


{{ref}} / {{note}} footnotes[change | change source]
Group Letter
(i)(ii) 		Name (ii)(iv)
[glossary of key words above] 		Unicode
[1][2]
Nastaliq with
diacritics 		Romanizations
[3][4]
Alif آ آ الف مدہ الِف مَدّه
[3] 		alif maddah [3]
[footnote] 		U+0622
alef with madda above [2]
hamzah
ء 		ء ء ہمزہ ہَمْزه
[3] 		hamzah U+0621
hamza [2]
___ ___ hamza on the line  
ٔ  ٔ  ___ ___ hamza diacritic
[footnote]   		U+0654
"Hamza Above"
ٴ  ٴ  U+0674
"High Hamza"
ئ ئ ہمزہ ہَمْزه
[3] 		hamzah U+0626
yeh with hamza above [2]
___ ___  yē hamza / alif hamza
ۓ ۓ ___ ___  baṛī yē hamza U+06D3
yeh barree with hamza above [1]
ؤ ؤ واوِ مَہْمُوز واوِ مَہْمُوز
[3] 		vāv-e mahmūz [3] U+0624
waw with hamza above [2]
ۂ   ‍ۂ ۂ ـۂ ___ ___ U+06C2 -->
heh goal with hamza above [1]
or U+06C1 + U+0654
Arabic
(iii) 		ۃ   ‍ۃ ۃ ـۃ تاء مربوطة Arabic:
تَاء مَرْبُوطَة 		Tāʼ marbūṭah
"bound ta" 		U+06C3 teh marbuta goal [1]
ة   ‍ة ة ـة U+0629 teh marbuta [2]
Name
(iv) 		ت ت تاء مفتوحة Arabic:
تَاء مَفْتُوحَة 		Tāʼ maftūḥah
"open ta" 		U+062A Teh
Footnotes:[change | change source]

^i. Left = Urdu Nastaliq. Right = Arabic Naskh or modern style.

^ii. The Nastaliq text will display in a different style if there is not an appropriate font installed on the machine.

^iv. References shown in the Nashk column apply to both columns. Pronunciation guide diacritics have been omitted from the Nastaliq version in most cases.

^4. Most vowel diacritics are omitted in most Urdu writing, but Urdu writing usually does distinguish alif mad, and include hamza over bari ye, gol he, and wow. For example, alif mad and bare alif in آزادی ( "āzādī", ɑ:zɑ:d̪i, freedom[5]) are distinguished in most contexts.

^iii. Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered an Urdu letter, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. Ta mahbutah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu té, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with gol he [source?].

junk rows[change | change source]
Group Letter Name Unicode why it's junk
hamza ۂ   ‍ۂ    ۂ ـۂ ہ  +  ـــٔــ
U+06C1 + U+0654 		given i had to resort to the Persian keyboard to find diacritic hamza, i think it's non-standard to build it this way, maybe mention the unicode characters, but no need to show it on the left.

Examples of digraph usage:[change | change source]

from 2020-05-11 before i started rearranging it

corresponding
single-letters 		digraphs Example
Urdu
Letter 		IPA Urdu
Digraphs
[6][7][8] 		IPA Urdu with
diacritics 		IPA Latin Alphabet translation
ب بھ bʱ بھارت /bʰɑ:rət̪/
[5] 		India [9]
بھالو // bhalo
[8] 		[[]]
بھاری bʰɑ:ri heavy / fat / bulky / loud / difficult / important / wealthy [5]
پ پھ pʰ پھول [8] / / phul
[8] 		[[ ]]
پھول / / [[ ]]
ت تھ tʰ [footnote] تھم / / [[ ]]
تھال [8] / / thal
[8] 		[[ ]]
لتھیم [10] / / Lithium Lithium  
ٹ ٹھ ʈʰ ٹھوس /ʈʰo:s/
[5] 		solid / compact / firm / true / dull [9]
ٹھیلا [8] / / thela
[8] 		[[ ]]
ٹھیس / / [[ ]]
ج جھ d͡ʒʱ جھاڑی / / [[ ]]
/ / [[ ]]
چ چھ t͡ʃʰ چھری [8] / / chhuri
[8] 		[[ ]]
چھوکرا / / [[ ]]
د دھ dʱ دھم [8] / / dham
[8] 		[[ ]]
گندھک /gənd̪ʰək/
[5] 		sulphur / brimstone [9]
دھوبی / / [[ ]]
ڈ ڈھ ɖʱ ڈھال [8] / / dhal
[8] 		[[ ]]
ڈھول / / [[ ]]
ر رھ [[ ]][[ ]] / / [[ ]]
/ / [[ ]]
ڑ ڑھ ɽʱ گڑھ [8] / / garh
[8] 		[[ ]]
کڑھنا / / [[ ]]
ک کھ kʰ کھولنا / / [[ ]]
کھانا [8] /kʰɑ:nɑ:/
[5] 		khana
[8] 		food / meal / banquet [9]
دکھائی [11] /d̪ɪkʰɑ:i:/
[5] 		inspection / appearance / showing / show [9]
گ گھ ɡʱ گھر [8] / / ghar
[8] 		[[ ]]
گھبراہٹ / / [[ ]]
ن نھ nʱ ننّھا /nənnʰɑ:/
[5] 		small / tiny
[5]
___ / / [[ ]]
م مھ mʱ تمھیں [5] / / [[ ]] (alternative of تُمہیں)
___ / / [[ ]]
و وھ [[ ]] / / [[ ]]
/ / [[ ]]
ل لھ
[8] 		lʰ
[5] 		lʱ
[12] 		دولھا [8] دُولھا
[5] 		/d̪u:lʰɑ:/
[5] 		bridegroom [9]
/ / [[ ]]
ل ا لا
[footnote] 		خلا [11] /xəlɑ:/
[5] 		outer space, vacuum, vacant place, absence [9]
ملاعین [5] /məlɑ:ʔi:n/
[5] 		accursed persons [9]
علاج عِلاج /ɪlɑ:dʒ/ [5] cure / remedy / antidote / relief [9]

^Lam Alif: This ligature is much mote prominent in Arabic styles than it is in Urdu's usual Nastaliq.

^Transliteration of "th": The digraph تھ is often used to transliterate "th" in European words, e.g. لتھیم Lithium [10].


Nastaliq[change | change source]

See the main article: Nastaliq
The names of 10 Urdu letters to show the variable letter forms in context. First and fourth rows: isolated letters, second and fifth rows: the names of those letters, third and sixth rows: the letter names broken up into individual letters.

The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style (sometimes spelled Nastaʿlīq) began as a Persian mixture of scripts Naskh and Ta'liq. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. It is the dominant style in Pakistan, and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart.

Letter forms[change | change source]

(back to "Letter names and phonemes")

For the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word. Though obviously Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity. But for the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written, even in the most mundane or informal documents, uses more than three general forms for many letters.

Letter forms tables:[change | change source]

ن ٮن ٮنے ٮنی ٮنک ٮنا نے نی نا

Notes on specific letter forms[change | change source]

illustration illustrated text note




نستعلیق ^ Nastaliq: This may not display as Nastaliq نستعلیق style, depending on which fonts you have installed on your device. [end note]




  ں ◌٘ ھ ڑ ے   ^ Start forms vs staring words: No Urdu word begins with ے , ھ , ڑ , or ◌٘ / ں but some of these forms appear following a non-joining letter ا و د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ in the middle of a word.
ے ^ Baṛī ye: "greater yē" (بڑی يے) is used only at the end of a word[13].

ک گ

^ Kaf and Gaf before tall letters: Most Arabic fonts fonts have just two or three forms of each letter. But in Urdu's usual Nastaliq script, letters can have more than three position forms depending on which letters they are attached to. This is sometimes simplified by digital fonts - even modern Urdu fonts - which do not perfectly replicate the nuance of handwriting, but in the case of Kāf ک and Gāf گ it is prominent. [14][15]

لا   لا

^ Lam Alef ligature: Lam ل followed by Alif ا forms a specific ligature لا in most Arabic writing styles but this is less dramatic in Urdu script.


For names, order, and unicode[change | change source]

U+0640 ـ ARABIC TATWEEL


Breaks or Joins isolated nastaliq name romanised name unicode order old wiki order hannover
B ا الف alif[3] / alef[2] U+0627 1 1
J ب بے bē[3] / beh[2] U+0628 2 2
J پ پے pē[3] / peh[1] U+067E 3 3
J ت تے tē[3] / teh[2] U+062A 4 4
J ٹ ٹے ṭē[3] / tteh[1] U+0679 5 5
J ث ثے sē[3] / s̱ē U+062B 6 6
J ج جيم jīm[3] / jeem[2] U+062C 7 7
J چ چے čē[3] / cē[3] / tcheh[1] U+0686 8 8
J ح بڑی حے baṛī ħē[3] / baṛī ḥē   U+062D 9 9
J خ خے xē[3] / khē[3] / khah[2] / k͟hē   U+062E 10 10
B د دال dāl[3] / dal[2] U+062F 11 11
B ڈ ڈال ḍāl[3] / ddal[1] U+0688 12 12
B ذ ذال zāl[3] / ẕāl U+0630 13 13
B ر رے rē[3] / reh[2]   U+0631 14 14
B ڑ ڑے ṛē[3] / rreh[1]   U+0691 15 15
B ز زے zē[3] / zey   U+0632 16 16
B ژ ژے žē[3] / zhē[3]   U+0698 17 17
J س سین sīn[3] / seen[2]   U+0633 18 18
J ش شین šīn[3] / shīn[3] / sheen[2]   U+0634 19 19
J ص صاد  swād[3] / sad[2] / ṣwād   U+0635 20 20
J ض ضاد żwād[3] / ẓwād   U+0636 21 21
J ط طوے tō’ē[3] / tah[2] / tōē / t̤o'ē / toy U+0637 22 22
J ظ ظوے zō’ē[3] / zōē / z̤o'ē   U+0638 23 23
J ع عین ‘ain[3] / ain[2] ayn   U+0639 24 24
J غ غین ğain[3] / ghain[2] / g͟hain U+063A 25 25
J ف فے fē[3] / feh[2] U+0641 26 26
J ق قاف qāf[3] / qaf[2] U+0642 27 27
J ك kaf U+0643 Arabic 27.5
J ک کاف kāf[3] / kāf   U+06A9 28 28
J گ گاف gāf[3] / gaf[1]   U+06AF 29 29
J ل لام lām[3] / lam[2]   U+0644 30 30
J م میم mīm[3] / meem[2]   U+0645 31 31
J ن نون nūn[3] / noon[2]   U+0646 32 32
End only ں نون غنہ nūn-e ğunnah[3] / noon ghunna[1] / nūn g͟hunnah U+06BA 33 32
B و واؤ vāō[3] /  wāō[3] / waw[2] / wā'o U+0648 34 33
J ہ گول ہے gōl hē[3] / heh goal[1] / gol hē U+06C1 35 34
J ه چهوٹی هے čhōṭī hē [3] U+0647 Arabic 34
J ھ دو چشمی ہے dō-čašmī hē[3] /
heh doachashmee[1]
/ do-cashmī hē 		U+06BE 36 34
J ی چھوٹی يے čhōṭī yē[3] / choṭī yē   U+06CC 38 35
B ے بڑی يے baṛī yē[3] / yeh barree[1] U+06D2 39 35
B ء ہمزہ hamzah[3] / hamza[2] U+0621 37 0
J ئ ہمزہ hamzah[3] / hamza[2] U+0626 37 35
B آ الف مدہ alif maddah [3] alef with
madda above [2] 		U+0622 1 a
B ء ہمزہ hamzah U+0621 0
J ئ ہمزہ hamzah U+0626 35 a
B   ٔ   ہمزہ hamzah U+0654 0
B   ٴ   ہمزہ hamzah U+0674 0
B ۓ ___ yeh barree with hamza above [1] baṛī yē hamza   U+06D3 X
B ؤ واوِ مَہْمُوز vāv-e mahmūz [3] ओ U+0624 33 a
B ـۂ heh goal hamza heh goal with hamza above [1] U+06C2 34 x
B ـۃ تاء مرظوطة teh marbuta goal [1] Tāʼ marbūṭah U+06C3 Arabic
B ـة تاء مرظوطة teh marbuta [2] Tāʼ marbūṭah U+0629
B ـۀ Hamza Ha ? ARABIC LETTER HEH WITH YEH ABOVE U+06C0 34 z


Urdu alphabet tables[change | change source]

Letter forms tables:[change | change source]

name Letter forms [footnote] name Shape [0] [Rasm] Unicode [0] [Rasm]
Isolated
glyph 		zwj end
after 		mid
between 		start
before 		Nastaliq
[fonts] 		Naskh
end mid start ٮ ٮ ا ٮ ی ا ی base dots Letter Letter dots base
ا ‍ا ا‍ ٮا ا alif[3] alef[2] none ا ا none ا U+0627 none U+0627
آ ‍آ آ‍ ٮآ آ alif maddah[3] "alef with madda above"[2] ۤ ۤ آ U+0622 U+06E4
U+0653
ب ‍ب ‍ب‍ ب‍ ٮب ٮبا ٮبی با بی bē[3] beh[2] ﮳ ٮ ٮ ﮳ ب U+0628 U+FBB3 U+066E
پ ‍پ ‍پ‍ پ‍ ٮپ ٮپا ٮپی پا پی pē[3] peh[1] pē ﮹ ﮹ پ U+067E U+FBB9
ت ‍ت ‍ت‍ ت‍ ٮت ٮتا ٮتی تا تی tē[3] teh[2] tē ﮴ ﮴ ت U+062A U+FBB6
ٹ ‍ٹ ‍ٹ‍ ٹ‍ ٮٹ ٮٹا ٮٹی ٹا ٹی ṭē[3] tteh[1] ṭē ﯀ ﯀ ٹ U+0679 U+FBC0
ث ‍ث ‍ث‍ ث‍ ٮث ٮثا ٮثی ثا ثی sē[3] s̱ē ﮶ ﮶ ث U+062B U+FBB6
ج ‍ج ‍ج‍ ج‍ ٮج ٮجا ٮجی جا جی jīm [3] jeem[2] jīm ﮳ ح ح ﮳ ج U+062C U+FBB3 U+062D
چ ‍چ ‍چ‍ چ‍ ٮچ ٮچا ٮچی چا چی čē[3] cē[3] tcheh[1] ﮹ ﮹ چ U+0686 U+FBB9
ح ‍ح ‍ح‍ ح‍ ٮح ٮحا ٮحی حا حی baṛī ħē[3] baṛī ḥē none none ح U+062D none
خ ‍خ ‍خ‍ خ‍ ٮخ ٮخا ٮخی خا خی xē[3] khē[3] khah[2] k͟hē ﮲ ﮲ خ U+062E U+FBB2
د ‍د د‍ ٮد د dāl[3] dal[2] dāl none د د none د U+062F none U+062F
ڈ ‍ڈ ڈ‍ ٮڈ ڈ ḍāl[3] ddal[1] ḍāl ﯀ ﯀ ڈ U+0688 U+FBC0
ذ ‍ذ ذ‍ ٮذ ذ zāl[3] ẕāl ﮲ ﮲ ذ U+0630 U+FBB2
ر ‍ر ر‍ ٮر ر rē[3] reh[2] rē none ر ر none ر U+0631 none U+0631
ڑ ‍ڑ ڑ‍ ٮڑ ڑ ṛē[3] rreh[1] ṛē ﯀ ﯀ ڑ U+0691 U+FBC0
ز ‍ز ز‍ ٮز ز zē[3] zē ﮲ ﮲ ز U+0632 U+FBB2
ژ ‍ژ ژ‍ ٮژ ژ žē[3] zhē[3] zhē ﮶ ﮶ ژ U+0698 U+FBB6
س ‍س ‍س‍ س‍ ٮس ٮسا ٮسی سا سی sīn[3] seen[2] sīn none س س none س U+0633 none U+0633
ش ‍ش ‍ش‍ ش‍ ٮش ٮشا ٮشی شا شی šīn[3] shīn[3] sheen[2] shīn ﮶ ﮶ ش U+0634 U+FBB6
ص ‍ص ‍ص‍ ص‍ ٮص ٮصا ٮصی صا صی swād[3] sad[2] ṣwād none ص ص none ص U+0635 none U+0635
ض ‍ض ‍ض‍ ض‍ ٮض ٮضا ٮضی ضا ضی żwād[3] ẓwād ﮲ ﮲ ض U+0636 U+FBB2
ط ‍ط ‍ط‍ ط‍ ٮط ٮطا ٮطی طا طی tō’ē[3] tah[2] t̤o'ē none ط ط none ط U+0637 none U+0637
ظ ‍ظ ‍ظ‍ ظ‍ ٮظ ٮظا ٮظی ظا ظی zō’ē[3] z̤o'ē ﮲ ﮲ ظ U+0638 U+FBB2
ع ‍ع ‍ع‍ ع‍ ٮع ٮعا ٮعی عا عی ‘ain[3] ain[2] ‘ain none ع ع none ع U+0639 none U+0639
غ ‍غ ‍غ‍ غ‍ ٮغ ٮغا ٮغی غا غی ğain[3] ghain[2] g͟hain ﮲ ﮲ غ U+063A U+FBB2
ف ‍ف ‍ف‍ ف‍ ٮف ٮفا ٮفی فا فی fē[3] feh[2] fē ﮲ ڡ ڡ ﮲ ف U+0641 U+FBB2 U+06A1
ق ‍ق ‍ق‍ ق‍ ٮق ٮقا ٮقی قا قی qāf[3] qaf[2] qāf ﮴ ٯ ٯ ﮴ ق U+0642 U+FBB4 U+066F
ک ‍ک ‍ک‍ ک‍ ٮک ٮکا ٮکی کا کی kāf[3] kāf none ک ک none ک U+06A9 none U+06A9
گ ‍گ ‍گ‍ گ‍ ٮگ ٮگا ٮگی گا گی gāf[3] gaf[1] gāf ‾ ‾ گ U+06AF Overline U+203E
Lam
[footnote] 		ل ‍ل ‍ل‍ ل‍ ٮل ٮلا ٮلی لا لی lām[3] lam[2] lām none ل ل none ل U+0644 none U+0644
م ‍م ‍م‍ م‍ ٮم ٮما ٮمی ما می mīm[3] meem[2] mīm none م م none م U+0645 none U+0645
ن ‍ن ‍ن‍ ن‍ ٮن ٮنا ٮنی نا نی nūn[3] noon[2] nūn ﮲ ں ں ﮲ ن U+0646 U+FBB2 U+06BA
ں ‍ں ٘ [footnote] ٮں ٘ never
starts 		nūn-e ğunnah[3] noon ghunna[1] nūn g͟hunnah ٘ ــ٘ـ ں U+06BA U+0658
و ‍و و‍ ٮو و vāō[3] wāō[3] waw[2] wā'o none و و none و U+0648 none U+0648
ہ ‍ہ ‍ہ‍ ہ‍ ٮہ ٮہا ٮہی ہا ہی gōl hē[3] heh goal[1] gol hē ہہہ ہ ہ ہہہ ہ U+06C1

[footnote] 		ه ‍ه ‍ه‍ ه‍ ٮه ٮها ٮهی ها هی čhōṭī hē[3]
choṭī hē 		ههه ه ه ههه ه U+0647
do-cashmī hē ھ ‍ھ ‍ھ‍ ھ‍ ٮھ ٮھا ٮھی ھا ھی dō-čašmī hē[3] heh doachashmee[1] do-cashmī hē ھھھ ھ ھ ھھھ ھ U+06BE    
ی ‍ی ‍ی‍ ی‍ ٮی ٮیا ٮیی یا یی čhōṭī yē[3] / choṭī yē ﮵ ی یــیــی ی ﮵ ی U+06CC U+FBB5 [1]
ے ‍ے ے‍ ٮے ے baṛī yē none ے ے none ے U+06D2 none U+06D2
Hamzah
ء ء ء hamza[2] (hamza on the line) ء ء U+0621
ٴ ٴ ٴ (hamza diacritic) ٴ ــٔـ U+0674 U+0654
ئ ‍ئ ‍ئ‍ ئ‍ ٮئ ٮئا ٮئی ئا ئی "yeh with hamza above"[2] yē hamza ٴ
ٔ 		ی ی ٴ
◌ٔ
ــٔـ 		ئ
ئـ ـئـ ـئ 		U+0626 YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE High Hamza U+0674 non‑spacing Hamza above U+0654 on dotted circle U+25CC and Tatweel U+0640 U+06CC
Farsi Yeh
alif hamza alif hamza ى ى U+0649
Alef Masksura
ۓ ‍ۓ ۓ‍ ٮۓ ۓ "yeh barree with hamza above"[1] baṛī yē hamza ے ے ۓ U+06D3 U+06D2
ؤ ‍ؤ ؤ‍ ٮؤ ؤ vāv-e mahmūz[3] "waw with hamza above"[2] و و ؤ U+0624 U+0648
ٶ‎ ‍ٶ‎ ٶ‎ ٮٶ‎ ٶ‎ "high hamza waw"[1] و و ٶ‎ U+0676 U+0648
ۂ ‍ۂ ‍ۂ‍ ۂ‍ ٮۂ ٮۂا ٮۂی ۂا ۂی "heh goal with hamza above"[1] ہ ہ ۂ U+06C2 U+06C1
Ta marbuutah
Arabic
[footnote] 		ۃ ‍ۃ ‍ۃ‍ ۃ ٮۃ ۃ teh marbuta goal[1] ﮴ ‍ہ ـہ ﮴ ـۃ U+06C3 U+FBB4 U+06C1
ة ‍ة ‍ة‍ ة ٮة ة teh marbuta[2] Tāʼ marbūṭah ‍ه ـه ـة U+0629
U+0647
ت ‍ت ‍ت‍ ت‍ ٮت ٮتا ٮتی تا تی teh[2] Tāʼ ٮ ٮ ت U+062A
(see above) 		U+066E
Footnotes on letter forms:[change | change source]
illustration illustrated text note

نستعلیق
^ Nastaliq: This may not display as Nastaliq style, depending on which fonts you have installed on your device. [end note]
ں ◌٘ ھ ڑ ے ^ Start forms vs staring words: No Urdu word begins with ے , ھ , ڑ , or ◌٘ / ں but some of these forms appear following a non-joining letter ا و د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ in the middle of a word.
ے ^ Baṛī ye: "greater yē" (بڑی يے) is used only at the end of a word[13].
ک گ ^ Kaf and Gaf before tall letters: Simpler fonts, including early fonts developed for Arabic, usually have just two or three forms of each letter. But in Urdu's usual Nastaliq script, letters can have more than three position forms depending on which letters they are attached to. This is sometimes simplified by digital fonts - even modern Urdu Nastaliq fonts - which do not perfectly replicate the nuance of handwriting, but in the case of Gāf and Kāf it is prominent. [16][15]

لا   لا

^ Lam Alef ligature: Lam ل followed by Alif ا forms a specific ligature لا in most Arabic writing styles but this is less dramatic in Urdu script.

References[change | change source]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 Cite error: The named reference Unicode Extended Arabic was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 Cite error: The named reference unicode ISO 8859-6 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  3. ↑ 3.000 3.001 3.002 3.003 3.004 3.005 3.006 3.007 3.008 3.009 3.010 3.011 3.012 3.013 3.014 3.015 3.016 3.017 3.018 3.019 3.020 3.021 3.022 3.023 3.024 3.025 3.026 3.027 3.028 3.029 3.030 3.031 3.032 3.033 3.034 3.035 3.036 3.037 3.038 3.039 3.040 3.041 3.042 3.043 3.044 3.045 3.046 3.047 3.048 3.049 3.050 3.051 3.052 3.053 3.054 3.055 3.056 3.057 3.058 3.059 3.060 3.061 3.062 3.063 3.064 3.065 3.066 3.067 3.068 3.069 3.070 3.071 3.072 3.073 3.074 3.075 3.076 3.077 3.078 3.079 3.080 3.081 3.082 3.083 3.084 3.085 3.086 3.087 3.088 3.089 3.090 3.091 3.092 3.093 3.094 3.095 3.096 3.097 3.098 3.099 3.100 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.106 Cite error: The named reference user.uni-hannover was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: The named reference book: project fluency was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 "Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries". Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 11 March 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Oxford_Dictionaries" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Cite error: The named reference LoC was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  7. ↑ Cite error: The named reference omniglot.com was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 Cite error: The named reference Aabid Kashani Ultimate was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 "Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries (Urdu to English Translation)". Urdu: Oxford Living Dictionaries. Retrieved 15 March 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Oxford_Dictionaries_Translation" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Urdu: Periodic Table". www.biscuitcitypress.com. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "خلا سے انڈیا کی فضا الگ کیوں دکھائی دیتی ہے؟". BBC News اردو (in Urdu). 27 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  12. ↑ Cite error: The named reference github UWSS was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zaki, Meekal. Urdu Dictionary - Roman URDU To English Fun Dictionary - Searchable (Kindle Edition. ed.).
  14. ↑ FWP. "Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The chart below gives the different positional variants of some of the significantly different letters. (scanned document)". Linked by www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/section00.html#00_01. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  16. ↑ FWP. "Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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