User:Mr. Ibrahem/Distal esophageal spasm
| Mr. Ibrahem/Distal esophageal spasm | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Diffuse esophageal spasm |
 | |
| A barium swallow showing a corkscrew appearance due to distal esophageal spasm | |
| Medical specialty | Gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | Difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, chest pain[1] |
| Complications | Achalasia[2] |
| Usual onset | Around 60 yr old[2] |
| Causes | Unknown[1] |
| Risk factors | GERD, obesity, high cholesterol, high blood sugar[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Esophageal manometry, barium swallow[1][3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Angina, esophageal cancer, esophageal stricture, esophagitis, achalasia, esophageal web[1] |
| Treatment | Peppermint oil, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, esophageal dilation, botulinum toxin injects[2][1] |
| Frequency | 1 per 100,000 people per year[1] |
Distal esophageal spasm (DES), also known as diffuse esophageal spasm, is a condition in which there is uncoordinated contractions of the esophagus.[1] Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, felling like something is stuck in the throat, and chest pain.[1][3] Difficulty swallowing may occur with both solids and liquids.[1] Complications may rarely include achalasia.[3][2]
The cause is unknown.[1] Episodes may be triggered by eating quickly or foods at extremes of temperature.[1] Risk factors include GERD, obesity, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar.[1] While the esophageal contractions are uncoordinated they are of normal strength and the lower esophagus opens normally.[1] Diagnosis may be supported by esophageal manometry, with testing such as endoscopy and barium swallow done to rule out other causes.[1] It is a type of esophageal motility disorder.[2]
Treatment options include peppermint oil, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, esophageal dilation, and botulinum toxin injects.[2][1] Proton-pump inhibitors may be used to treat associated GERD.[1] Rarely surgery may be carried out.[1] Outcomes are variable.[1]
Diffuse esophageal spasm affects about 1 per 100,000 people per year.[1] It represents less than 10% of no heart related chest pain.[1] It is most common in those around the age of 60 and women are affected more often than men.[2][1] The condition was first described in 1889 by Osgood.[2]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Goel, S; Nookala, V (January 2019). "Diffuse Esophageal Spasm". StatPearls [Internet]. PMID 31082150.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Khalaf, M; Chowdhary, S; Elias, PS; Castell, D (September 2018). "Distal Esophageal Spasm: A Review". The American journal of medicine. 131 (9): 1034–1040. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.02.031. PMID 29605413.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Diffuse Esophageal Spasm - Gastrointestinal Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.