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'''Burj Khalifa''' or '''"Khalifa Tower"''' ({{lang-ar|'''برج خليفة'''}}) is a very tall [[skyscraper]] in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and is the world's tallest building ever built, at 828m (2,717ft). Before the [[building]] opened, it was called '''Burj Dubai'''. The building is 162 stories high. [[Construction]] of the tower was started in 2004. The building was officially opened on 4 January 2010.<ref name="opening">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471 |title=Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced|publisher=''Gulfnews''|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm|title=World's tallest building opens in Dubai |date=2010-01-04|work=BBC News|accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> It is the tallest [[structure]] made by [[human]]s in the [[world]]. The building is more than {{convert|300|m|ft}} taller than [[Taipei 101]]. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built. But the Burj Khalifa may not hold this record for very long because an even taller building called the [[Jeddah Tower]] is being built in [[Jeddah]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] and it will be taller than 1 [[kilometer]].
[http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html '''Burj Khalifa''' or '''"Khalifa Tower"''' (]{{lang-ar|'''برج خليفة'''}}) is a very tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's tallest building ever built, at 828m (2,717ft). Before the building opened, it was called '''Burj Dubai'''. The building is 162 stories high. Construction of the tower was started in 2004. The building was officially opened on 4 January 2010.<ref name="opening">{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471 |title=Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced|publisher=''Gulfnews''|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm|title=World's tallest building opens in Dubai |date=2010-01-04|work=BBC News|accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> [http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world. The building is more than {{convert|300|m|ft}} taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built. But the Burj Khalifa may not hold this record for very long because an even taller building called the Jeddah Tower is being built in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and it will be taller than 1 kilometer.]


[[Adrian Smith (architect)|Adrian Smith]] [[design]]ed the tower.<ref name="Record High">{{cite web |title=EMAAR Press Release - Burj Dubai reaches a record high, Dubai, UAE, July 21, 2007 |url=http://www.emaar.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/2007July21.asp |accessdate=2008-01-02}}</ref> He worked with [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] (SOM) until 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534 | title = Architect Magazine: Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm}}</ref> It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec.<ref>[http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787 Burj Dubai - SkyscraperPage.com]</ref> The tower cost [[United States dollar|US $]]1.5 billion to build.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaitraveldesk.com/what.html|title=What to see|publisher=''Dubai Travel Desk''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> The building is part of a 2&nbsp;km building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, [[Downtown Burj Khalifa]]. It is near [[Dubai]]'s main [[business district]].
[http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html Adrian Smith designed the tower.]<ref name="Record High">{{cite web |title=EMAAR Press Release - Burj Dubai reaches a record high, Dubai, UAE, July 21, 2007 |url=http://www.emaar.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/2007July21.asp |accessdate=2008-01-02}}</ref> [http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006.]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534 | title = Architect Magazine: Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm}}</ref> [http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec.]<ref>[http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787 Burj Dubai - SkyscraperPage.com]</ref> [http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build.]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaitraveldesk.com/what.html|title=What to see|publisher=''Dubai Travel Desk''|accessdate=23 March 2009}}</ref> [http://www.peoplesbiography.in/2018/05/WhatisNipahVirus-treatment-symptoms-transmission-prevention.html The building is part of a 2&nbsp;km building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near Dubai's main business district.]


== The building and planning ==
== The building and planning ==

Revision as of 13:27, 21 May 2018

Burj Khalifa or "Khalifa Tower" (Arabic: برج خليفة) is a very tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's tallest building ever built, at 828m (2,717ft). Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai. The building is 162 stories high. Construction of the tower was started in 2004. The building was officially opened on 4 January 2010.[1][2] It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world. The building is more than 300 metres (980 ft) taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built. But the Burj Khalifa may not hold this record for very long because an even taller building called the Jeddah Tower is being built in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and it will be taller than 1 kilometer.

Adrian Smith designed the tower.[3] He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006.[4] It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec.[5] The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build.[6] The building is part of a 2 km building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near Dubai's main business district.

The building and planning

Burj Khalifa compared to some other tall structures.

The main contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. They also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers.[7] Other contractors who helped with the building included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. The Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.[8]

The design architect, Adrian Smith, did not like the first design of the upper part of the building. He added 27 new floors and an aluminium spire to the top of the plans. The design of Burj Khalifa based on those used in Islamic architecture. Burj Khalifa has been said to have had several other planned height increases since it was first built. This has not been proven to be true yet. The TV/radio communications mast was added to the tower's plans in 2007. This was after building work had begun in 2006. There are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors about every 35 floors. These were put into the tower in case of an emergency or fire.[9]

The unusual design and engineering problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many television documentaries. These include the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

The most important building materiel of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's weight and the hot local climate of Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building.

The foundation of the building is 15 metres (49 ft) deep. It was built with 192 columns being put into the ground. Each column was 1.5m in diameter and 43m long.[10] 55,000 tonnes of steel rebar was used in the construction of the tower. It took 22 million man-hours to build.[3] A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.

The Dubai Fountain

The Dubai Fountain performing to the song "Bassbor Al Fourgakom"

A fountain system was built outside the tower. It was designed by WET Design of California. They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. The fountain cost Dh800 million (US$217 million). It is lit by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors. The fountain is 275 ft long. It shoots water 150 ft into the air to the sounds of classical and modern Arabic and world music.[11] On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain.[12]

Delays and late building work

File:Burj dubai 3.11.08 crop.jpg
The Burj Khalifa being made, in 2008.

Emaar Properties said on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was slowed because of changes to finishes. An Emaar official said that the luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was first planned, were being being replaced by better finishes. The design of the apartments were also made better. This was done to make them both look better and work better.[13] There were problems with the marble decorations, flooring, the top floors' sanitation system, broken glasswork and a poorly done wall mural of the Sultan of Oman. A new ending date of 2 December, 2009, was then given.[14] Burj Khalifa opened on 4 January 2010.[1][2]

Workers' disputes and strikes.

Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from South Asia.[15][16] Press reports said in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.[15] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers lived in very bad conditions. Often they were not paid for the work. Their passports were taken by their employers. It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of deaths and injuries.[17] Companies not paying workers has been reported to the authorities several times.

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers protested. They were mad about buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts. They damaged cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[15] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.[15] Most of the workers who were part of the riot returned the following day but would not work.[15]

Records set

A cartoon animation of construction process.

The building is not only the tallest structure in the world, it also holds the following records-

  • Tallest skyscraper to top of spire: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m (1,671 ft))
  • Tallest structure ever built: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m (2,121 ft))
  • Tallest freestanding structure: 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m (1,815 ft))
  • Building with most floors: 160 (previously Willis Tower – 108)[18]
  • World's highest elevator installation[19]
  • World's fastest elevators at speed of 64 km/h (40 mph) or 18 m/s (59 ft/s)[19] (previously Taipei 101 – 16.83 m/s)
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[20] (previously Taipei 101 – 449.2 m (1,474 ft))
  • Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction): 606 m (1,988 ft)[20] (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant – 532 m (1,745 ft)[21])
  • The first world's tallest structure in history to include residential space[10]
  • Highest outdoor observation deck in the world (124th floor), at about 440 m (1,440 ft).[22]
  • World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade, at a height of 512 m (1,680 ft).
  • World's highest swimming pool (76th floor)[23]
  • Worlds highest restaurant (122nd floor)

Gallery

  • Construction work during February 2006
    Construction work during February 2006
  • 29 August 2006
    29 August 2006
  • 11 November 2006
    11 November 2006
  • 2 January 2007
    2 January 2007
  • 3 January 2007
    3 January 2007
  • Construction work during early 2007
    Construction work during early 2007
  • 21 March 2007
    21 March 2007
  • 4 December 2007
    4 December 2007
  • Construction work during 11 March 2008
    Construction work during 11 March 2008
  • 8 May 2008
    8 May 2008
  • 4 January 2010, skyline of Dubai with Burj Khalifa in the background
    4 January 2010, skyline of Dubai with Burj Khalifa in the background
  • The spire is added along with the TV/radio mast, 20 January 2009.
    The spire is added along with the TV/radio mast, 20 January 2009.

Comparisons

Records
Preceded by
Warsaw Radio Mast
646.38 m (2,120.67 ft) 		World's tallest structure ever built
2008 – Present 		Incumbent
Preceded by
KVLY-TV mast
628.8 m (2,063 ft) 		World's tallest structure
2008 – Present
Preceded by
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.39 ft) 		World's tallest free-standing structure
2007 – Present
Preceded by
Taipei 101
509.2 m (1,670.6 ft) 		World's tallest building
2009 – Present
Preceded by
Sears Tower
108 floors 		Building with the most floors
2007 – Present

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced". Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "opening" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "World's tallest building opens in Dubai". BBC News. 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-04. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "news.bbc.co.uk" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "EMAAR Press Release - Burj Dubai reaches a record high, Dubai, UAE, July 21, 2007". Retrieved 2008-01-02. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Record High" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ "Architect Magazine: Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm".
  5. ↑ Burj Dubai - SkyscraperPage.com
  6. ↑ "What to see". Dubai Travel Desk. Retrieved 23 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ↑ "Burj Dubai, Dubai – SkyscraperPage.com". SkyscraperPage. Retrieved 23 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ↑ "Turner International Projects – Burj Dubai". Turner Construction. Retrieved 23 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ↑ Puckett, Katie (3 October 2008). "Burj Dubai: Top of the world". Building. Retrieved 31 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com". Emporis. Retrieved 1 March 2007. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. ↑ "Emaar brings world-class water, light and music spectacle to Burj Dubai Lake". Emaar Properties. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ↑ "'Dubai Fountain' is winning name of Emaar's water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai". Emaar Properties. 26 October 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ↑ Das Augustine, Babu (9 June 2008). "Burj Dubai completion delayed by another eight to nine months". Gulf News. Retrieved 21 June 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ↑ "Burj Dubai opening date announced". Homes Overseas. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Whitaker, Brian (23 March 2006). "Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2006. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ↑ "Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret!". The Hindu. 3 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ↑ "Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa". Migrant-Rights.org. 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  18. ↑ "Willis Tower". Emporis. Retrieved 6 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Some interesting facts on the Burj Dubai". The Tallest Buildings in the World. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Putzmeister – Burj Dubai". Putzmeister. Retrieved 23 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ↑ "1994 – World record: 532 m high - rise concrete conveying at the power station "Riva del Garda", Italy". Putzmeister. Retrieved 11 April 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ↑ "'At The Top' - Burj Dubai's Observation Deck". BurjDubai.com. Retrieved 6 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ↑ Landon Thomas Jr (5 January 2010). "Dubai's skyscraper has world's highest Mosque". Retrieved 5 January 2010.

Other websites

25°11′49.7″N 55°16′26.8″E / 25.197139°N 55.274111°E / 25.197139; 55.274111

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