View source for Umar

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Umar<br />عمر
| title        = {{plainlist|
* {{transl|ar|[[Farooq|Al-Faruq]]}}
* {{transl|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}}}}
| image        = Rashidun Caliphs Umar ibn Al-Khattāb - عُمر بن الخطّاب ثاني الخلفاء الراشدين.svg
| image_size   = 260
| caption      =
| alt          = Calligraphic representation of Umar's name, with the honorific 'may God Exalted be pleased with him': {{transl|ar|ʿUmar al-Fārūq, raḍiya Allāh taʿālā ʿanhu}}
| succession   = 2nd [[Rashidun Caliph|Caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| reign        = 23&nbsp;August 634&nbsp;– 3&nbsp;November 644
| predecessor  = [[Abu Bakr]]
| successor    = [[Uthman|Uthman ibn Affan]]
| birth_date   = {{circa|586 or 589 [[common era|CE]]}}
| birth_place  = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_date   = {{nowrap|November 644 CE}}
 (Muharram 01 AH) ({{nowrap|aged 60–61}})
| death_place  = [[Medina]], Hejaz, [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| burial_place = [[Prophet's Mosque]], Medina
| spouse       = {{ubl|[[Zaynab bint Madhun]]|[[Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal]]|[[Qurayba bint Abi Umayya]]|[[Jamila bint Thabit]]|[[Atiqa bint Zayd]]|[[Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Majlisi |first=Muhammad Baqir |title=Mir'at ul-Oqool |volume=21 |page=199}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Al-Tusi |first=Nasir Al-Din |title=Al-Mabsoot |volume=4 |page=272}}</ref>}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]]
* [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abd Allah]]
* [[Ubayd Allah ibn Umar|Ubayd Allah]]
* [[Asim ibn Umar|Asim]]
* [[Zayd ibn Umar|Zayd]]}}
| issue-link   = Family tree of Umar
| issue-pipe   = (among others)
| house        = [[Quraysh]] ([[Banu Adi]])
| house-type   = Tribe
| father       = [[Khattab ibn Nufayl]]
| mother       = [[Hantamah bint Hisham]]
| religion     = [[Islam]]
| signature    = Signature Believed To Be Of ʿUmar B. Al-Khaṭṭāb.png
}}
'''Umar ibn al-Khattab''' (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, <small>romanized:</small> ''ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb''; <abbr>c.</abbr> 582/583 – 644), also spelled '''Omar''', was the second [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun caliph]], ruling from August 634, when he succeeded [[Abu Bakr]] (<abbr>r.</abbr> 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior [[Companions_of_the_Prophet|companion]] and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].

At first, Umar opposed Muhammad and was enemy of Islam. After his conversion to [[Islam]] in 616, Umar became the first [[Muslims|Muslim]] to openly [[Salat|pray]] at the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Umar ibn Al Khattab’s conversion strengthened Islam|url=https://www.arabnews.com/umar-ibn-al-khattab%E2%80%99s-conversion-strengthened-islam|access-date=|website=|language=en}} After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to [[Abu Bakr]] ({{Reign|632|634}}) as the first disputed caliph. Umar served as the closest adviser to the Bakr until August 634. It was then that the dying Abu Bakr made Umar his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded. It ruled the [[Sasanian Empire]] and more than two-thirds of the [[Byzantine Empire]].{{sfnp|Hourani|1991|p=23}} His attacks on the Sasanian Empire resulted in the [[Muslim conquest of Persia#Conquest of Persia (642–651)|conquest of Persia]] in less than two years. [[Judaism|Jewish tradition]] says that Umar set aside the [[Christianity|Christian]] ban on [[Jews]] and let them into [[Jerusalem]] and to worship.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ2MwNzB69IC&pg=PA326|title=History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period|last=Dubnow|first=Simon|publisher=Cornwall Books|year=1968|isbn=978-0-8453-6659-2|volume=2|page=326}}</ref> Umar was assassinated by the [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Slavery|slave]] [[Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz]] in November 644.{{Efn|The date of Umar's death in the [[Islamic calendar]] is disputed. Although the sources are unanimous that Umar was stabbed in the last week of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], he reportedly died a few days later. According to an account of the 8th-century Medinian historian [[Ibn Ishaq]] (d. 767), Umar was stabbed on the 27th of Dhu al-Hijjah and died on the 1st of Muharram. In the work of [[al-Tabari]] (d. 923), Umar is variously reported to have died on 26th of Dhu al-Hijjah, 27th of Dhu al-Hijjah or the 1st of Muharram.{{sfn|Smith|2015|93–95}}}}

Umar is said to be one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nazeer |title=Islam in global history : from the death of prophet Muhammed to the first World War |year=2000 |publisher=American Institute of Islamic History and Culture |location=Concord, CA |isbn=0-7388-5963-X}}</ref> He is revered in the [[Sunni Islam]]ic tradition.<ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bonner, M. |author2=Levi Della Vida, G.| title=Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=Second |publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=10|page=820}}</ref> More than 50 [[hadith]]s speak of how he was the second greatest  [[Companion of the Prophet|Sahabah]] after Abu Bakr.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/21|title=Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|work=Sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/14|title=Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|work=Sunnah.com}}</ref> He is viewed negatively in the [[Twelver Shi’ism|Twelver]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] tradition, although Shi'ite figures often married into his family and named their children after him. They view his killer as a martyr although he was not a Muslim. <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bonner, M. |author2=Levi Della Vida, G.| title=Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=Second |publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|volume=10|page=820|quote=Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

==Related pages==
* [[Sahaba]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite book |author=Ibn Sa'ad |title=The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra) |title-link=The Book of the Major Classes}}
* Guillaume, A., ''The Life of Muhammad'', Oxford University Press, 1955.
* Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Donner, Fred, ''The Early Islamic Conquests'', Princeton University Press, 1981.
* {{cite book |last=Hourani |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Hourani |title-link=History of the Arab Peoples |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad |title-link=The Succession to Muhammad (book) |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997}}
* {{cite book|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |date=15 October 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52-164696-3}}
* {{EI2 |last = Levi Dela Vida |first = G. |author-link = Giorgio Levi Della Vida |last2 = Bonner|first2 = M.|title = ʿUmar (I) b. al-Khaṭṭāb |volume = 10 |pages = 818−821}}
* {{Citation |title=Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries |given=Viscount |surname=Allenby |publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-7661-3984-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Michael H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvbNRbDKY1wC |title=The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History |publisher=Carol Publishing Group |year=1978 |isbn=9780806513508 |author-link=Michael H. Hart}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fayda |first1=Mustafa |last2=Koçak |first2=Muhşin |title=ÖMER b. el-Hattâb - An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam |date=2007 |publisher=[[TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-97-53-89456-2 |pages=44–53 |volume=34 |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/omer#2-fikih |lang=tr}}
* {{citation |author=Barnaby Rogerson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzyBPwAACAAJ |title=The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split |year=2008 |publisher=Overlook |isbn=978-1-59-020022-3}}
* {{citation |author=Barnaby Rogerson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExbdVf5fFmUC |title=The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism |date=4 November 2010 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-0-74-812470-1 |author-link=Barnaby Rogerson}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pellat |first1=Charles |author1-link=Charles Pellat |year=2011 |title=Abū Loʾloʾa |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |editor1-last=Yarshater |editor1-first=Ehsan |editor1-link=Ehsan Yarshater |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b}}
{{refend}}

==Other websites==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.bogvaerker.dk/Bookwright/Umar.html Excerpt from ''The History of the Khalifahs''] by Jalal ad-Din as-[[Suyuti]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930162009/http://www.lailahailallah.net/Khutbahs/Khutbah40.asf Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab] by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Omar|short=x}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Banu Adi]]||c.586||3 November 644|[[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]]}}
{{s-rel|su}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Caliphate|Caliph of Islam]]<br />[[Rashidun Caliph]]|years=23 August 634 – 3 November 644}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Uthman ibn Affan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:586 births]]
[[Category:644 deaths]]
[[Category:Caliphs]]
[[Category:Assassinated people]]