User:Passengerpigeon/Snow chain

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For the south-eastern Indian Ocean species using the same name, see Malagasy bulbul.

Passengerpigeon/Snow chain
H. l. psaroides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Pycnonotidae
Genus: Hypsipetes
Species:
H. leucocephalus
Binomial name
Hypsipetes leucocephalus
(Gmelin, 1789)
Synonyms
  • Turdus leucocephalus Gmelin, 1789
  • Hypsipetes madagascariensis
  • Hypsipetes madagascariensis leucocephalus
  • Microscelis leucocephalus

The black bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus), also called the Himalayan black bulbul or Asian black bulbul, is a bird in the bulbul group of songbirds. It is mainly found in the Himalayas from India eastward to Southeast Asia. It is the type species of the group Hypsipetes, set up by Nicholas Aylward Vigors in the early 1830s.[2] There are a number of subspecies, which have a range of different body colors from light grey to black, and some also have morphs with white heads, as the scientific name leucocephalus, meaning "white head" in Latin, implies. The legs and beak are always rich orange-red.

Classification and relations[change | change source]

The tail of H. l. psaroides has a gentle curve in the outer tail feathers and a shallow fork

The black bulbul was first thought to be a thrush and put into the group Turdus. It has also been considered to be either the same species as, or a variant of, the Malagasy bulbul.[3] The common name 'black bulbul' can also refer to the Malagasy bulbul. Formerly, the square-tailed bulbul was also classified as two subspecies of the black bulbul.

Subspecies[change | change source]

There are thought to be ten subspecies of black bulbul, although the reason for these being considered subspecies and not different species is now being studied.[4][5]

  • H. l. psaroides - Vigors, 1831: Originally described as a separate species. Found along the Himalayas from the Kunar Valley (north-eastern Afghanistan) and northern Pakistan through Arunachal Pradesh (northern India) and the central Himalayas to north-western Myanmar
  • Assam black bulbul (H. l. nigrescens) - Baker, ECS, 1917: Found in Assam and Manipur (north-eastern India), and the Chin Hills (western Myanmar)
  • Burmese black bulbul (H. l. concolor) - Blyth, 1849: Originally described as a separate species. Found from eastern Myanmar and southern Yunnan (southern China) through Indochina
  • H. l. ambiens - (Mayr, 1942): Found in north-eastern Myanmar and western Yunnan (southern China)
  • H. l. sinensis - (La Touche, 1922): Found in northern Yunnan (southern China)
  • H. l. stresemanni - (Mayr, 1942): Members of this race have white heads. Found in central Yunnan (southern China)
  • H. l. leucothorax - (Mayr, 1942): Members of this race have white heads. Found in central China
  • H. l. leucocephalus - (Gmelin, JF, 1789): Members of this race have white heads. Found in south-eastern China
  • H. l. nigerrimus - (Gould, 1863): Originally described as a separate species. Found in Taiwan
  • H. l. perniger - R. Swinhoe, 1870: Originally described as a separate species. Found on Hainan (off south-eastern China)

Description[change | change source]

White-headed morph of the nominate subspecies

The black bulbul is 24–25 cm (9.4–9.8 in) in length, with a long tail. The body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black, depending on the race. The beak, legs, and feet are all orange and the head has a black fluffy crest. Sexes are similar in plumage, but young birds lack the crest, have whitish underparts with a grey breast band, and have a brown tint to the upperparts. They have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts.[6][7][8] Although males and females are indistinguishable to the human eye, there are significant differences in the ultraviolet reflectivity of the plumage making them readily distinguishable to the bulbuls themselves.[9]

Vocalisations[change | change source]

They can be quite noisy, making various loud cheeping, mewing and grating calls.[6] The Himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid, throwing back its neck when calling.[10]

Distribution and habitat[change | change source]

This bulbul is found in broad-leaved forests, cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas, but Himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter.[11][12][13]

Breeding[change | change source]

It builds its nest in a tree or bush; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses, dry leaves, mosses, lichens and cobwebs. The lining is made up of ferns, rootlets and other soft material.[14] Both sexes participate in nest construction. Two or three eggs form the usual clutch.

Food and feeding[change | change source]

Black bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects, and they are often seen in small groups, either roosting or flying about in search of food. They are particularly fond of berries. They are known to feed on a wide range of berries including Celtis, Rosa, Melia and Ehretia in the Himalayas.[15] They feed on the nectar of Salmalia, Erythrina, Rhododendron and other species. They make aerial sallies for insects.[11]

References[change | change source]

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Hypsipetes leucocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103823996A94366953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103823996A94366953.en.
  2. ↑ Gregory, Steven M. S. (2000). "Nomenclature of the Hypsipetes Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae)" (PDF). Forktail. 16: 164–166.
  3. ↑ Warren, Ben H.; Bermingham, Eldredge; Prys-Jones, Robert P. & Thebaud, Christophe (2005). "Tracking island colonization history and phenotypic shifts in Indian Ocean bulbuls (Hypsipetes: Pycnonotidae)" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 85 (3): 271–287. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00492.x.
  4. ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Dekker, R.W.R.J.; Eck, S. & Somadikarta, S. (2002). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 26. Types of the Pycnonotidae". Zool. Verh. Leiden. 340: 115–160.
  5. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Bulbuls". IOC World Bird List. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ali, S & S D Ripley (1996). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 109–113.
  7. ↑ Blanford WT (1889). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Birds Volume 1. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 259–263.
  8. ↑ Baker, ECS (1924). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 368–373.
  9. ↑ Hung, Hsin-Yi; Yeung, Carol K. L.; Omland, Kevin E.; Yao, Cheng-Te; Yao, Chiou-Ju; Li, Shou-Hsien (2017). "Himalayan black bulbuls (Hypsipetes leucocephalus niggerimus) exhibit sexual dichromatism under ultraviolet light that is invisible to the human eye". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 43707. doi:10.1038/srep43707. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5382547. PMID 28382942.
  10. ↑ Page, WT (1903). "The Himalayan Black Bulbul. Hypsipetes psaroides". Avicultural Magazine. 1 (6): 209–211.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 342–344.
  12. ↑ Raza, Rashid H. (1993). "Sighting of Black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis (P.L.S. Muller) in Gaya, Bihar". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 90 (2): 291.
  13. ↑ Gaston, AJ (1972). "Black Bulbuls Hypsipetes madagascariensis (P.L.S. Muller) in Delhi". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 69 (3): 651–652.
  14. ↑ Hume, A.O. (1889). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). R H Porter, London. pp. 164–168.
  15. ↑ Narang, ML; Rana, RS (1999). "Black Bulbuls association with Melia azedarach". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 38 (6): 104.


black bulbul Category:Birds of the Himalayas Category:Birds of Eastern Himalaya Category:Birds of India Category:Birds of Hong Kong Category:Birds of Taiwan Category:Birds of Southeast Asia black bulbul black bulbul

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