List of Jupiter's moons
There are 79 known moons of Jupiter.[1][2][3] Jupiter has the second largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System.[4]
The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius. They were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter. The other 75 known moons and the rings together make up just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass. The four are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are roughly the same size as Earth's moon, some are a bit bigger, some are smaller.
From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered. All these are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined. Many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).
List of moons[change | change source]
This list starts with those that go around Jupiter (orbit) the fastest. That is, they have the shortest orbital period. Moons highlighted in purple are the "Galilean moons," moons highlighted in dark gray have a retrograde orbit, and moons with the regular white background have a prograde orbit.
Label [note 1] |
Name |
Pronunciation (key) |
Image | Diameter (km)[note 2] |
Mass (×1016 kg) |
Semi-major axis (km)[5] |
Orbital period (d)[5][note 3] |
Inclination (°)[5] |
Eccentricity [6] |
Discovery year [7] |
Discoverer [7] |
Group [note 4] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | XVI | Metis | ˈmiːtɨs | 60×40×34 | ~3.6 | 127,690 | +7h 4m 30s | 0.06° [8] | 0.0002 | 1979 | Synnott (Voyager 1) |
Inner | |
2 | XV | Adrastea | ˌædrəˈstiːə | 20×16×13 | ~0.2 | 129,000 | +7h 9m 30s | 0.03°[8] | 0.0015 | 1979 | Jewitt (Voyager 2) |
Inner | |
3 | V | Amalthea | ˌæməlˈθiːə | 250×146×128 | 208 | 181,366 | +11h 57m 23s | 0.374°[8] | 0.0032 | 1892 | Barnard | Inner | |
4 | XIV | Thebe | ˈθiːbiː | 116×98×84 | ~43 | 221,889 | +16h 11m 17s | 1.076°[8] | 0.0175 | 1979 | Synnott (Voyager 1) |
Inner | |
5 | I | Io | ˈaɪ.oʊ | 3,660.0×3,637.4 ×3,630.6 |
8,900,000 | 421,700 | +1.769 137 786 | 0.050°[8] | 0.0041 | 1610 | Galilei | Galilean | |
6 | II | Europa | jʊˈroʊpə | 3,121.6 | 4,800,000 | 671,034 | +3.551 181 041 | 0.471°[8] | 0.0094 | 1610 | Galilei | Galilean | |
7 | III | Ganymede | ˈɡænɨmiːd | 5,262.4 | 15,000,000 | 1,070,412 | +7.154 552 96 | 0.204°[8] | 0.0011 | 1610 | Galilei | Galilean | |
8 | IV | Callisto | kəˈlɪstoʊ | 4,820.6 | 11,000,000 | 1,882,709 | +16.689 018 4 | 0.205°[8] | 0.0074 | 1610 | Galilei | Galilean | |
9 | XVIII | Themisto | θɨˈmɪstoʊ | 8 | 0.069 | 7,393,216 | +129.87 | 45.762° | 0.2115 | 1975/2000 | Kowal & Roemer/ Sheppard et al. |
Themisto | |
10 | XIII | Leda | ˈliːdə | 16 | 0.6 | 11,187,781 | +241.75 | 27.562° | 0.1673 | 1974 | Kowal | Himalia | |
11 | VI | Himalia | haɪˈmeɪliə | 170 | 670 | 11,451,971 | +250.37 | 30.486° | 0.1513 | 1904 | Perrine | Himalia | |
12 | X | Lysithea | laɪˈsɪθiːə | 36 | 6.3 | 11,740,560 | +259.89 | 27.006° | 0.1322 | 1938 | Nicholson | Himalia | |
13 | VII | Elara | ˈɛlərə | 86 | 87 | 11,778,034 | +261.14 | 29.691° | 0.1948 | 1905 | Perrine | Himalia | |
14 | — | Dia | 4 | 0.009 0 | 12 570 424 | +287.93 | 27.584° | 0.2058 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Himalia | ||
15 | XLVI | Carpo | ˈkɑrpoʊ | 3 | 0.004 5 | 17,144,873 | +458.62 | 56.001° | 0.2735 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carpo | |
16 | — | S/2003 J 12 | 1 | 0.000 15 | 17,739,539 | −482.69 | 142.680° | 0.4449 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | ? | ||
17 | XXXIV | Euporie | juːˈpoʊrɨ.iː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 19,088,434 | −538.78 | 144.694° | 0.0960 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
18 | — | S/2003 J 3 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 19,621,780 | −561.52 | 146.363° | 0.2507 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | ||
19 | — | S/2003 J 18 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 19,812,577 | −569.73 | 147.401° | 0.1569 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | ||
20 | XLII | Thelxinoe | θɛlkˈsɪnɵʊiː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 20,453,753 | −597.61 | 151.292° | 0.2684 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
21 | XXXIII | Euanthe | juːˈænθiː | 3 | 0.004 5 | 20,464,854 | −598.09 | 143.409° | 0.2000 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
22 | XLV | Helike | ˈhɛlɨkiː | 4 | 0.009 0 | 20,540,266 | −601.40 | 154.586° | 0.1374 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
23 | XXXV | Orthosie | ɔrˈθɒsɨ.iː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 20,567,971 | −602.62 | 142.366° | 0.2433 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
24 | XXIV | Iocaste | ˌaɪ.ɵˈkæstiː | 5 | 0.019 | 20,722,566 | −609.43 | 147.248° | 0.2874 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
25 | — | S/2003 J 16 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 20,743,779 | −610.36 | 150.769° | 0.3184 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | ||
26 | XXVII | Praxidike | prækˈsɪdɨkiː | 7 | 0.043 | 20,823,948 | −613.90 | 144.205° | 0.1840 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
27 | XXII | Harpalyke | hɑrˈpælɨkiː | 4 | 0.012 | 21,063,814 | −624.54 | 147.223° | 0.2440 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
28 | XL | Mneme | ˈniːmiː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 21,129,786 | −627.48 | 149.732° | 0.3169 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Ananke | |
29 | XXX | Hermippe | hɚˈmɪpiː | 4 | 0.009 0 | 21,182,086 | −629.81 | 151.242° | 0.2290 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke? | |
30 | XXIX | Thyone | θaɪˈoʊniː | 4 | 0.009 0 | 21,405,570 | −639.80 | 147.276° | 0.2525 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke | |
31 | XII | Ananke | əˈnæŋkiː | 28 | 3.0 | 21,454,952 | −642.02 | 151.564° | 0.3445 | 1951 | Nicholson | Ananke | |
32 | L | Herse | 2 | 0.001 5 | 22,134,306 | −672.75 | 162.490° | 0.2379 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Carme | ||
33 | XXXI | Aitne | ˈaɪtniː | 3 | 0.004 5 | 22,285,161 | −679.64 | 165.562° | 0.3927 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
34 | XXXVII | Kale | ˈkeɪliː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 22,409,207 | −685.32 | 165.378° | 0.2011 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
35 | XX | Taygete | teiˈɪdʒɨtiː | 5 | 0.016 | 22,438,648 | −686.67 | 164.890° | 0.3678 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
36 | — | S/2003 J 19 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 22,709,061 | −699.12 | 164.727° | 0.1961 | 2003 | Gladman et al. | Carme | ||
37 | XXI | Chaldene | kælˈdiːniː | 4 | 0.007 5 | 22,713,444 | −699.33 | 167.070° | 0.2916 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
38 | — | S/2003 J 15 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 22,720,999 | −699.68 | 141.812° | 0.0932 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Ananke? | ||
39 | — | S/2003 J 10 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 22,730,813 | −700.13 | 163.813° | 0.3438 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme? | ||
40 | — | S/2003 J 23 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 22,739,654 | −700.54 | 148.849° | 0.3930 | 2004 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | ||
41 | XXV | Erinome | ɨˈrɪnɵmiː | 3 | 0.004 5 | 22,986,266 | −711.96 | 163.737° | 0.2552 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
42 | XLI | Aoede | eɪˈiːdiː | 4 | 0.009 0 | 23,044,175 | −714.66 | 160.482° | 0.6011 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
43 | XLIV | Kallichore | kəˈlɪkɵriː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 23,111,823 | −717.81 | 164.605° | 0.2041 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme? | |
44 | XXIII | Kalyke | ˈkælɨkiː | 5 | 0.019 | 23,180,773 | −721.02 | 165.505° | 0.2139 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
45 | XI | Carme | ˈkɑrmiː | 46 | 13 | 23,197,992 | −721.82 | 165.047° | 0.2342 | 1938 | Nicholson | Carme | |
46 | XVII | Callirrhoe | kəˈlɪrɵʊiː | 9 | 0.087 | 23,214,986 | −722.62 | 139.849° | 0.2582 | 2000 | Gladman et al. | Pasiphaë | |
47 | XXXII | Eurydome | jʊˈrɪdəmiː | 3 | 0.004 5 | 23,230,858 | −723.36 | 149.324° | 0.3769 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë? | |
48 | XXXVIII | Pasithee | pəˈsɪθɨ.iː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 23,307,318 | −726.93 | 165.759° | 0.3288 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
49 | XLIX | Kore | ˈkoʊriː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 23,345,093 | −776.02 | 137.371° | 0.1951 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
50 | XLVIII | Cyllene | sɨˈliːniː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 23,396,269 | −731.10 | 140.148° | 0.4115 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
51 | XLVII | Eukelade | juːˈkɛlədiː | 4 | 0.009 0 | 23,483,694 | −735.20 | 163.996° | 0.2828 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
52 | — | S/2003 J 4 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 23,570,790 | −739.29 | 147.175° | 0.3003 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | ||
53 | VIII | Pasiphaë | pəˈsɪfeɪ.iː | 60 | 30 | 23,609,042 | −741.09 | 141.803° | 0.3743 | 1908 | Gladman et al. | Pasiphaë | |
54 | XXXIX | Hegemone | hɨˈdʒɛməniː | 3 | 0.004 5 | 23,702,511 | −745.50 | 152.506° | 0.4077 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
55 | XLIII | Arche | ˈɑrkiː | 3 | 0.004 5 | 23,717,051 | −746.19 | 164.587° | 0.1492 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
56 | XXVI | Isonoe | aɪˈsɒnɵʊiː | 4 | 0.007 5 | 23,800,647 | −750.13 | 165.127° | 0.1775 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | |
57 | — | S/2003 J 9 | 1 | 0.000 15 | 23,857,808 | −752.84 | 164.980° | 0.2761 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | ||
58 | — | S/2003 J 5 | 4 | 0.009 0 | 23,973,926 | −758.34 | 165.549° | 0.3070 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | Carme | ||
59 | IX | Sinope | sɨˈnoʊpiː | 38 | 7.5 | 24,057,865 | −762.33 | 153.778° | 0.2750 | 1914 | Nicholson | Pasiphaë | |
60 | XXXVI | Sponde | ˈspɒndiː | 2 | 0.001 5 | 24,252,627 | −771.60 | 154.372° | 0.4431 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
61 | XXVIII | Autonoe | ɔːˈtɒnɵʊiː | 4 | 0.009 0 | 24,264,445 | −772.17 | 151.058° | 0.3690 | 2002 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
62 | XIX | Megaclite | ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪtiː | 5 | 0.021 | 24,687,239 | −792.44 | 150.398° | 0.3077 | 2001 | Sheppard et al. | Pasiphaë | |
63 | — | S/2003 J 2 | 2 | 0.001 5 | 30,290,846 | −1 077.02 | 153.521° | align="right"| 0.1882 | 2003 | Sheppard et al. | ? |
Notes[change | change source]
- ↑ Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their discovery.
- ↑ Diameters with multiple entries such as "60×40×34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions have been measured well enough.
- ↑ Periods with negative values are retrograde.
- ↑ "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Sheppard, Scott S. "The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page". Carnegie Institution, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ↑ Resnick, Brian (17 July 2018). "The Jupiter Satellite and Moon Page". Vox. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ↑ Science, Carnegie (16 July 2018). "A dozen new moons of Jupiter discovered, including one "oddball"". Carnegie Institution for Science. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ↑ "12 New Moons Found Orbiting Jupiter". 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service". IAU: Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
Note: some semi-major axis were computed using the µ value, while the eccentricities were taken using the inclination to the local Laplace plane
- ↑ Sheppard, Scott S. "Jupiter's Known Satellites". Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). U.S. Geological Survey. 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Siedelmann P.K.; Abalakin V.K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M.E.; de Bergh, C.; Lieske, J.H.; Obrest, J.; Simon, J.L.; Standish, E.M.; Stooke, P. ; Thomas, P.C. (2000). The Planets and Satellites 2000 (Report). IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
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