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The '''Pug''' is a [[dog breed|kind]] of [[dog]] with a [[wikt:wrinkle|wrinkly]] face. It also has a [[wikt:curl|curled]] [[tail]], and pug [[puppy|puppies]] are called '''puglets'''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shipley|first= Joseph Twadell|title= Dictionary of Early English|year= 1955|publisher= Philosophical Library|location= New York, United States|pages= 768 pages}}</ref> This kind of dog has a square body, and its muscle is developed. They have been described times as ''multum in parvo'', which means "much in little". This is because the pug is very small.<ref name="AKC History">{{cite web| url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/history.cfm| title=American Kennel Club - Pug History| publisher=[[American Kennel Club]]| accessdate=2006-08-19}}</ref> Pugs came originally from [[China]], but they became popular in [[England]], [[Ireland]], and [[Scotland]]. They can get sick easily.
The '''pug''' is a [[dog breed|type]] of [[dog]] with a [[wikt:wrinkle|wrinkly]] face. It also has a [[wikt:curl|curled]] [[tail]], and pug [[puppy|puppies]] are called '''puglets'''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shipley|first= Joseph Twadell|title= Dictionary of Early English|year= 1955|publisher= Philosophical Library|location= [[New York]]}}</ref> The pug has a square body with developed muscles. They have often been described as ''multum in parvo'', which means "much in little", referring to the pugs small size.<ref name="AKC History">{{cite web| url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/history.cfm| title=American Kennel Club - Pug History| publisher=[[American Kennel Club]]| accessdate=2006-08-19}}</ref> Pugs came originally from [[China]], but they became popular in [[England]], [[Ireland]], and [[Scotland]]. They can get sick easily.


== Description ==
== Description ==
[[Image:Puglet2.jpg|upright|thumb|left|alt=A small black pug|A black Puglet]]
[[Image:Puglet2.jpg|upright|thumb|left|alt=A small black pug|A black Puglet]]
Pugs are often liked most for a square, compact body, a deep chest, and strong [[muscle]]s.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/ |title=American Kennel Club - Pug |publisher=Akc.org |date= |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> There are two different types of a Pug's [[ear]]s, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the "button" ears, and they are folded up instead of on the side of the head. Most people prefer "button" style Pugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htm |title=Ears |publisher=Pug Dog Club of America |date= |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> Pugs have strong, straight legs, and laid back shoulders. Their feet aren't as large as a [[hare]]'s foot, but they are not as round as that of a cat, either. They have toes that are split up perfectly, and their nails are all black.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard"/> The lower teeth normally grow more far out than the upper teeth, so they meet in an under-bite.<ref name="AKC History"/>
Pugs are often liked most for a square, compact body, a deep chest, and strong [[muscle]]s.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/ |title=American Kennel Club - Pug |publisher=Akc.org |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> There are two different types of a Pug's [[ear]]s, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the "button" ears and are folded up instead of on the side of the head. Most people prefer "button" style Pugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htm |title=Ears |publisher=Pug Dog Club of America |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> Pugs have strong, straight legs and laid back shoulders. Their feet are not as large as a [[hare]]'s foot, but they are not as round as that of a cat, either. They have toes that are split up perfectly, and their nails are all black.<ref name="AKC Breed Standard"/> The lower teeth normally grow farther out than the upper teeth, so they meet in an under-bite.<ref name="AKC History"/>


=== Coat and color ===
=== Coat and color ===
Pugs can have a lot of different colors. They can be the color of [[brown|fawn]], the color of an [[apricot|apricot]], [[Silver (color)|silver]], or [[black]]. There is also one very rare pug, who has the color [[white]]. The fur color may be white just because of [[albinism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/rare-blue-white-silver-pug-colors.html|title=Rare Pug Colors|last=Marien|first=Catherine|publisher=PugInformation.org|accessdate=2010-05-03}}</ref> A silver Pug has a very dark head and dark forelegs. The tail usually curls at the hip.
Pugs can be a lot of different colors, including [[brown|fawn]], the color of an [[apricot|apricot]], [[Silver (color)|silver]], or [[black]]. A very rare pug is [[white]]. The fur color may be white due to [[albinism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/rare-blue-white-silver-pug-colors.html|title=Rare Pug Colors|last=Marien|first=Catherine|publisher=PugInformation.org|accessdate=2010-05-03}}</ref> A silver pug has a very dark head and dark forelegs. The tail usually curls at the hip.


Different coat types shed differently, but they all shed a bit year round. The pug who has a Fawn color sheds the most. Grooming their fur helps keeping them from too much shedding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pugspot.com/articles/care/how-to-control-your-pugs-shedding |title=How to Control Your Pug's Shedding |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Pug Spot |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>
Different coat types shed differently, but they all shed year-round. The pug who has a fawn color sheds the most. Grooming their fur helps prevent too much shedding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pugspot.com/articles/care/how-to-control-your-pugs-shedding |title=How to Control Your Pug's Shedding |publisher=Pug Spot |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>


=== Nature ===
=== Nature ===
The pug is very strong willed, but does not act [[wikt:agressive|agressively]] unless provoked to a high degree. Pugs are well kept for families with children, and most children like pugs. They can be quiet and nice but also funny according to the owner's mood. They are also good at [[wikt:guard|guarding]] the house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puginformation.org/pug-temperament-character.html |title=Pug Temperament and Personality |author= |date= |work= |publisher=PugInformation.org |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>
The pug is very strong-willed, but does not act [[wikt:agressive|agressively]] unless [[wikt:provoke|provoked]] to a high degree. Pugs are well kept for families with children, and most children like pugs. They can be quiet and nice but also funny according to the owner's mood. They are also good at [[wikt:guard|guarding]] the house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puginformation.org/pug-temperament-character.html |title=Pug Temperament and Personality |author= |date= |work= |publisher=PugInformation.org |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
==== Origins ====
==== Origins ====
[[image:Pug from 1915.JPG|thumb|right|alt="A black and white picture of a pug turning its head.|A Pug from 1915.]]
[[image:Pug from 1915.JPG|thumb|right|alt="A black and white picture of a pug turning its head.|A pug from 1915]]
Pugs came from China, as most high people of China kept them for pets during the Shang Dynasty (before 400 BCE).<ref name="Pugs in public">{{cite book |last= Farr|first= Kendall|coauthors= Montague, Sarah|title= Pugs in Public|year= 1999|publisher= Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S. Media Holdings|location= New York, United States|language= English|isbn= 1-55670-939-0|pages= 79 pages}}</ref>
Pugs came from [[China]], as most high people of China kept them as pets during the [[Shang Dynasty]] (before 400 BCE).<ref name="Pugs in public">{{cite book |last= Farr|first= Kendall|coauthors= Montague, Sarah|title= Pugs in Public|year= 1999|publisher= Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S. Media Holdings|location= New York, United States|language= English|isbn= 1-55670-939-0|pages= 79 pages}}</ref>


In East China, they were known as the "Lo-Chiang-Sze" or "Foo".<ref name="Pugs in public"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugs.org/Intropage.htm |title=Welcome & History of the Pug |author= |date= |work=Pug Dog Club of America |publisher= |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref> In the early 551 BCE, [[Confucius]] described the pug as a "short mouthed dog".<ref name="origin">{{cite book |title=The Pug Handbook
In East China, they were known as the "Lo-Chiang-Sze" or "Foo".<ref name="Pugs in public"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugs.org/Intropage.htm |title=Welcome & History of the Pug |author= |date= |work=Pug Dog Club of America |publisher= |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref> In the early 551 BCE, [[Confucius]] described the pug as a "short mouthed dog".<ref name="origin">{{cite book |title=The Pug Handbook |last=Belmonte |first=Brenda |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |location= |isbn=978-0764124884 |page=1 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0Ci-1Qz2n3MC&pg=PA1&dq=pug+ancient+china&cd=3#v=onepage&q= |accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref> After that, pugs became popular in [[Tibet]], especially for [[monk]]s. Then, pugs became known toward [[Japan]] and then [[Europe]].<ref name="Pugs in public"/> The pug's origin is unknown because the first Emperor of China destroyed everything related to the pug in his reign.<ref name="maggitti">{{cite book |title=Pugs: everything about purchase, care, nutrition, behavior, and training |last=Maggitti |first=Phil |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |location= |isbn=978-0764110450 |page=10 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=j8GNxljDbA0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=pug&cd=38#v=onepage&q=pug |accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref>
|last=Belmonte |first=Brenda |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |location= |isbn=978-0764124884 |page=1 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0Ci-1Qz2n3MC&pg=PA1&dq=pug+ancient+china&cd=3#v=onepage&q= |accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref> After that, Pugs became popular in [[Tibet]], especially for [[monk]]s. Then, pugs became known toward [[Japan]], and then [[Europe]].<ref name="Pugs in public"/> Nobody is sure of where the Pug's origins are exactly, because the first Emperor of China destroyed all the things related to the Pug in his reign.<ref name="maggitti">{{cite book |title=Pugs: everything about purchase, care, nutrition, behavior, and training |last=Maggitti |first=Phil |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |location= |isbn=978-0764110450 |page=10 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=j8GNxljDbA0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=pug&cd=38#v=onepage&q=pug |accessdate=2010-01-17}}</ref>


Chinese Fu-Dogs, also called Lion-Dogs or Fo-Dogs, were thought of as brave dogs who were skilled at guarding, so [[statue]]s of them were put outside the [[temple]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magickal Mystical Creatures: Invite Their Powers Into Your Life |last=Conway |first=D.J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |location= |isbn=978-1567181494 |page=108 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZSA7XRf8kzIC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=pug+chinese+lions&q=pug |accessdate=2010-01-16}}</ref>
Chinese Fu-Dogs, also called Lion-Dogs or Fo-Dogs, were thought of as brave dogs who were skilled at guarding, so [[statue]]s of them were placed outside the [[temple]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magickal Mystical Creatures: Invite Their Powers Into Your Life |last=Conway |first=D.J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |location= |isbn=978-1567181494 |page=108 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZSA7XRf8kzIC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=pug+chinese+lions&q=pug |accessdate=2010-01-16}}</ref>


=== Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ===
=== 16th and 17th centuries ===
[[Image:Catherina Golitsyna1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of ''Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna'' by Louis-Michel van Loo (1759)]]
[[Image:Catherina Golitsyna1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of ''Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna'' by Louis-Michel van Loo (1759)]]
The [[Dutch East India Company]] imported the Pug first in the late 16th and 17th centuries. After that, in 1572, a Pug named Pompey saved the Prince of Orange's life by [[wikt:Bark|barking]] at the person who had come to kill him.<ref name="AKC History"/> [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] also took a Pug with them when they were going from [[Netherlands]] to England for the seat of the [[throne]] in 1688.<ref name="Pugs in public"/>
The [[Dutch East India Company]] imported the pug first in the late 16th and 17th centuries. Later, in 1572, a pug named Pompey saved the life of the Prince of Orange by [[wikt:Bark|barking]] at a person who had come to kill him.<ref name="AKC History"/> [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] also took a pug with them when they were going from [[Netherlands]] to England for the seat of the [[throne]] in 1688.<ref name="Pugs in public"/>


The Pug was also becoming quite famous in other European countries as well. The famous painter, [[Francisco Goya|Goya]] in [[Spain]] and in [[Italy]] painted Pugs sitting be side the [[coach]]men of the rich people. They were used as [[guard dog|guard]]'s dogs, to find animals or people as well.<ref name="Pugs in public"/>
The pug was also becoming famous in other European countries as well. The famous [[Spain|Spanish]] painter, [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], painted pugs in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]] sitting beside the [[coach]]men of the rich. They were used as [[guard dog]]s and to find animals or people.<ref name="Pugs in public"/>


=== Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ===
=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
After that, Pugs began to become popular in France. Joséphine de Beauharnais made her Pug, named Fortune, be the messenger to her family while she was in prison.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Katharine Macdonogh | date = August | month = 1996 | title = Prison Pets in the French Revolution | journal = History Today | volume = 46 }}</ref> In Italy, the Pug was becoming famous also. Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal that "Every carriage I meet here has a pug in it."<ref name="maggitti"/>
After that, pugs began to become popular in France. Joséphine de Beauharnais made her pug named Fortune the messenger to her family while she was in prison.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Katharine Macdonogh | date = August | month = 1996 | title = Prison Pets in the French Revolution | journal = History Today | volume = 46 }}</ref> In Italy, the pug was becoming famous also. A Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal that "every carriage I meet here has a pug in it."<ref name="maggitti"/>


In nineteenth century England, [[Queen Victoria]] was a very sincere lover of Pugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-24-2006-89725.asp |title=The Royal Pug |author=Mathews, Mike |date=2006-02-27 |work= |publisher=Buzzle.com |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref> She had many pet Pugs, such as Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima and Venus.<ref name="Pugs in public"/>
In 19th century England, [[Queen Victoria]] was a very sincere lover of pugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-24-2006-89725.asp |title=The Royal Pug |author=Mathews, Mike |date=2006-02-27 |work= |publisher=Buzzle.com |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref> She had many pet pugs, such as Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima, and Venus.<ref name="Pugs in public"/>


The Pug finally arrived in the [[United States]] during the nineteenth century and soon became popular there as well.<ref name="Pugs in public"/> Many Pugs won in dog shows, and soon the Pug Dog Club was founded in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugnews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=53 |title=Pug Wins World Championship Show |author= |date=2004-04-20 |work= |publisher=PugNews |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>
The pug finally arrived in the [[United States]] during the 19th century and soon became popular there as well.<ref name="Pugs in public"/> Many pugs won dog shows, and soon the Pug Dog Club was founded in 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugnews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=53 |title=Pug Wins World Championship Show |author= |date=2004-04-20 |work= |publisher=PugNews |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>


== Health problems ==
== Health problems ==
[[image:Clara von Wille Hunde vor der Hütte.jpg|thumb|right|Clara von Wille's ''Hunde vor der Hütte'' (1880)]]
[[image:Clara von Wille Hunde vor der Hütte.jpg|thumb|right|Clara von Wille's ''Hunde vor der Hütte'' (1880)]]
Because Pugs do not have longer [[wikt:snout|snouts]], they can get eye diseases.<ref name="Pugs in public"/> They also cannot breathe well, because the passages for oxygen to go in is very small and they cannot let out their [[temperature]] with their [[tongue]] well. A pug's normal body temperature is between {{convert|101|°F|°C}} and {{convert|102|°F|°C}}. If the temperature rises to {{convert|105|°F|°C}}, they need cooling down immediately because they cannot cool themselves enough. Should the temperature reach {{convert|108|°F|°C}}, their insides begin to break down and that can lead to very strong health issues or even [[death]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ownedbypugs.com/index.php/articles/archives/keeping_your_pug_cool_during_the_dog_days_of_summer/ |title=Keeping your pug cool during the dog days of summer |author= |date=2005-07-18 |work= |publisher=Owned by Pugs.com |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>
Because pugs do not have long [[wikt:snout|snouts]], they can get eye diseases.<ref name="Pugs in public"/> They also cannot breathe well, because passages for oxygen are very small and they cannot [[wikt:regulate|regulate]] their [[temperature]] with their [[tongue]] well. A pug's normal body temperature is between {{convert|101|°F|°C}} and {{convert|102|°F|°C}}. If the temperature rises to {{convert|105|°F|°C}}, they need to cool down immediately because they cannot cool themselves enough. Should the temperature reach {{convert|108|°F|°C}}, their insides begin to break down, possibly leading to serious health issues or even [[death]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ownedbypugs.com/index.php/articles/archives/keeping_your_pug_cool_during_the_dog_days_of_summer/ |title=Keeping your pug cool during the dog days of summer |author= |date=2005-07-18 |work= |publisher=Owned by Pugs.com |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>


Pugs that live by themselves can begin to have the problem of [[obesity|overweight]], although this can be helped by exercising and eating healthy food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |title=Obesity in Pugs |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Pug Information.org |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>
Pugs that live by themselves can have the problem of [[obesity|overweight]], although this can be helped by exercising and eating healthy food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puginformation.org/obesity-in-pugs.html |title=Obesity in Pugs |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Pug Information.org |accessdate=2009-12-26}}</ref>


=== Serious issues ===
=== Serious issues ===
They can also be hurt by ''necrotizing meningoencephalitis'' (NME). NME is an [[inflammation]] of the [[brain]] and meninges. This can happen easily to Pugs and other small kind of dogs, such as the [[Maltese]] and [[Chihuahua]]. It is also known as the ''pug dog encephalitis'' (PDE). There is no known good cure or reason for NME, although most people believe it is a disease that dogs may get from their mother or father.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pugs.org/health/PDEslideshow_files/v3_document.htm |title=Slide 1 |publisher=Pug Dog Club of America |date= |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> All dogs usually die within a few months after this disease, which usually happens from 6 months to 7 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/pug-dog-encephalitis/page1.aspx |title=Pug Dog Encephalitis |author= |date= |work=PugPlace.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>
Pugs can also be hurt by ''necrotizing meningoencephalitis'' (NME). NME is an [[inflammation]] of the [[brain]] and meninges. It is also known as ''pug dog encephalitis'' (PDE). There is no known cure or explanation for NME, although most people believe it is a disease that dogs may get from their mother or father.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pugs.org/health/PDEslideshow_files/v3_document.htm |title=Slide 1 |publisher=Pug Dog Club of America |date= |accessdate=2008-10-14}}</ref> All dogs usually die within a few months after this disease, which usually happens from 6 months to 7 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petplace.com/dogs/pug-dog-encephalitis/page1.aspx |title=Pug Dog Encephalitis |author= |date= |work=PugPlace.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>


[[image:Mopshond2 03-10-2005.jpg|thumb|rightPugs can be overweight, and to prevent this they must be cared for very much.]]
[[Image:Mopshond2 03-10-2005.jpg|thumb|right|Pugs can get overweight.]]
Pugs can also get a serious disease in their spine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barkbytes.com/medical/med0038.htm |title=Hemivertebrae work=Barkbytes.com |location= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=14 October 2008}}</ref>
Pugs can also get a serious disease in their spine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barkbytes.com/medical/med0038.htm |title=Hemivertebrae work=Barkbytes.com |location= |publisher= |date= |accessdate=14 October 2008}}</ref>


=== Common conditions ===
=== Common conditions ===
Because pugs have wrinkles on their [[face]]s, owners must clean the folded part of their skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugs.org/indexhealth.htm |title=Pug Health Guide |work=Pugs.org |publisher=''op. cit'' |date= |accessdate=14 October 2008}}</ref> [[Hip dysplasia]] is another major problem for pugs. About 63.8% of pugs were caught with hip dysplasia.<ref name="ofa">{{cite web |url= http://www.offa.org/hipstatbreed.html |title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed |work=OFFA.org |location= |publisher=Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals |accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref>


Because Pugs have wrinkles on their [[face]]s, their owners must clean the folded part of their skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pugs.org/indexhealth.htm |title=Pug Health Guide |work=Pugs.org |publisher=''op. cit'' |date= |accessdate=14 October 2008}}</ref> [[Hip dysplasia]] is another major problem for Pugs. About 63.8% of Pugs were caught with Hip dysplasia.<ref name="ofa">{{cite web |url= http://www.offa.org/hipstatbreed.html |title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed |work=OFFA.org |location= |publisher=Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals |accessdate=10 February 2010}}</ref>
When pugs get excited, they begin to "reverse sneeze", in which they will [[breathe]] in short, quick breaths. "Reverse sneezing" is usually not [[wikt:harm|harmful]] to the pug. It can be helped by massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose to make it breathe instead with its [[mouth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |title=Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) |last=Lundgrun |first=Becky |date=26 June 2006 |work= VeterinaryPartner.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>

When Pugs get excited, they begin to "reverse sneeze," where the dog will [[breathe]] in short, quick breaths. "Reverse sneezing" is usually not [[wikt:harm|harmful]] to the pug. It can be helped by massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose to make it breathe with its [[mouth]] instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |title=Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) |last=Lundgrun |first=Becky |date=26 June 2006 |work= VeterinaryPartner.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>


== Media and culture ==
== Media and culture ==
Pugs have come out in [[television]] and [[film]], such as Frank the Pug in the film ''Men in Black'' and the follow-up series. Other films that have Pugs that come out in them include [[Disney]]'s film about ''[[Pocahontas]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mutantreviewers.com/rpugpower.html |title=Pug Power: Pugs In Cinema |author= |date= |work=MutantReviewers.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> ''[[12 Rounds (film)|12 Rounds]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fandango.com/12rounds_116460/criticreviews |title=Critic Reviews: ''12 Rounds'' |author= |date= |work=Fandango.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> and ''[[Marie Antoinette]] (2006 film)''. They have also come out on television, in shows like the ''[[The West Wing]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarahsdogs.com/breeds/pug/ |title=Pug Information |author= |date= |work=SarahsDogs.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>
Pugs have come out in [[television]] and [[film]], such as Frank the Pug in the film ''Men in Black'' and the follow-up series. Other films that have pugs include ''[[12 Rounds (film)|12 Rounds]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fandango.com/12rounds_116460/criticreviews |title=Critic Reviews: ''12 Rounds'' |author= |date= |work=Fandango.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>, ''[[Marie Antoinette]] (2006 film)'', and [[Disney]]'s film about ''[[Pocahontas]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mutantreviewers.com/rpugpower.html |title=Pug Power: Pugs In Cinema |author= |date= |work=MutantReviewers.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>. They have also appeared on television, in shows like the ''[[The West Wing]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarahsdogs.com/breeds/pug/ |title=Pug Information |author= |date= |work=SarahsDogs.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>


Pugs have also appeared in many fictional books, like Lady Bertram's pug in ''[[Mansfield Park]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/52/4/450?ssource=mfc&rss=1 |title=Lady Bertram's Lapdog: In the Empire Rests in Mansfield Park |author= |year=2005 work=OxfordJournals.org |location=[[Oxford, UK]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford U. Pr]] |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> and in the book ''Pugs: God's Little Weirdos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheldoncomics.com/forums/sheldontalk/5412/ |title=Announcement: The Next Book! |last=Kellet|first=Dave |date=9 July 2008 |work=SheldonComics.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>
Pugs have also appeared in many fictional books, like Lady Bertram's pug in ''[[Mansfield Park]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/52/4/450?ssource=mfc&rss=1 |title=Lady Bertram's Lapdog: In the Empire Rests in Mansfield Park |author= |year=2005 work=OxfordJournals.org |location=[[Oxford, UK]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford U. Pr]] |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref> and in the book ''Pugs: God's Little Weirdos''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheldoncomics.com/forums/sheldontalk/5412/ |title=Announcement: The Next Book! |last=Kellet|first=Dave |date=9 July 2008 |work=SheldonComics.com |location= |publisher= |accessdate=26 December 2009}}</ref>


Famous people who own pugs include [[broadcaster]] [[Jonathan Ross]], [[actress]] [[Jessica Alba]], and actor [[Hugh Laurie]].
Famous people who own pugs include [[broadcaster]] [[Jonathan Ross]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/features/3637575/Pug-lovely.html|title=Pug lovely|last=Weinberg|first=Kate|date=2 August 2008|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=21 June 2010}}</ref> [[actress]] [[Jessica Alba]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puginformation.org/famous-pugs.html|title=Famous Pugs and Famous Pug Owners|work=Puginformation.org|accessdate=21 June 2010}}</ref> and actor [[Hugh Laurie]].{{cn}}


== References ==
== References ==
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{{commons}}
{{commons}}
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Toy_Group/Pug|Pugs}}
*{{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Toy_Group/Pug|Pugs}}

===National breed clubs===
===National breed clubs===
*[http://www.pugs.org/ Pug Dog Club of America]
*[http://www.pugs.org/ Pug Dog Club of America]
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*[http://www.pugcanada.com/ Pug Club of Canada]
*[http://www.pugcanada.com/ Pug Club of Canada]
*[http://www.themaltapugdogclub.com/ Malta Pug Dog Club]
*[http://www.themaltapugdogclub.com/ Malta Pug Dog Club]



[[Category:Dog breeds]]
[[Category:Dog breeds]]

Revision as of 21:44, 21 June 2010

Pug
File:Mops-Pug Felix vom Mägdebrunnen.jpg
A pug
Other namesChinese Pug
Dutch Bulldog
Dutch Mastiff
Mini Mastiff
OriginChina[1]
Kennel club standards
FCI standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The pug is a type of dog with a wrinkly face. It also has a curled tail, and pug puppies are called puglets.[2] The pug has a square body with developed muscles. They have often been described as multum in parvo, which means "much in little", referring to the pugs small size.[1] Pugs came originally from China, but they became popular in England, Ireland, and Scotland. They can get sick easily.

Description

A small black pug
A black Puglet

Pugs are often liked most for a square, compact body, a deep chest, and strong muscles.[3] There are two different types of a Pug's ears, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the "button" ears and are folded up instead of on the side of the head. Most people prefer "button" style Pugs.[4] Pugs have strong, straight legs and laid back shoulders. Their feet are not as large as a hare's foot, but they are not as round as that of a cat, either. They have toes that are split up perfectly, and their nails are all black.[3] The lower teeth normally grow farther out than the upper teeth, so they meet in an under-bite.[1]

Coat and color

Pugs can be a lot of different colors, including fawn, the color of an apricot, silver, or black. A very rare pug is white. The fur color may be white due to albinism.[5] A silver pug has a very dark head and dark forelegs. The tail usually curls at the hip.

Different coat types shed differently, but they all shed year-round. The pug who has a fawn color sheds the most. Grooming their fur helps prevent too much shedding.[6]

Nature

The pug is very strong-willed, but does not act agressively unless provoked to a high degree. Pugs are well kept for families with children, and most children like pugs. They can be quiet and nice but also funny according to the owner's mood. They are also good at guarding the house.[7]

History

Origins

"A black and white picture of a pug turning its head.
A pug from 1915

Pugs came from China, as most high people of China kept them as pets during the Shang Dynasty (before 400 BCE).[8]

In East China, they were known as the "Lo-Chiang-Sze" or "Foo".[8][9] In the early 551 BCE, Confucius described the pug as a "short mouthed dog".[10] After that, pugs became popular in Tibet, especially for monks. Then, pugs became known toward Japan and then Europe.[8] The pug's origin is unknown because the first Emperor of China destroyed everything related to the pug in his reign.[11]

Chinese Fu-Dogs, also called Lion-Dogs or Fo-Dogs, were thought of as brave dogs who were skilled at guarding, so statues of them were placed outside the temples.[12]

16th and 17th centuries

File:Catherina Golitsyna1.jpg
Portrait of Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna by Louis-Michel van Loo (1759)

The Dutch East India Company imported the pug first in the late 16th and 17th centuries. Later, in 1572, a pug named Pompey saved the life of the Prince of Orange by barking at a person who had come to kill him.[1] William III and Mary II also took a pug with them when they were going from Netherlands to England for the seat of the throne in 1688.[8]

The pug was also becoming famous in other European countries as well. The famous Spanish painter, Goya, painted pugs in Spain and Italy sitting beside the coachmen of the rich. They were used as guard dogs and to find animals or people.[8]

18th and 19th centuries

After that, pugs began to become popular in France. Joséphine de Beauharnais made her pug named Fortune the messenger to her family while she was in prison.[13] In Italy, the pug was becoming famous also. A Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal that "every carriage I meet here has a pug in it."[11]

In 19th century England, Queen Victoria was a very sincere lover of pugs.[14] She had many pet pugs, such as Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima, and Venus.[8]

The pug finally arrived in the United States during the 19th century and soon became popular there as well.[8] Many pugs won dog shows, and soon the Pug Dog Club was founded in 1931.[15]

Health problems

Clara von Wille's Hunde vor der Hütte (1880)

Because pugs do not have long snouts, they can get eye diseases.[8] They also cannot breathe well, because passages for oxygen are very small and they cannot regulate their temperature with their tongue well. A pug's normal body temperature is between 101 °F (38 °C) and 102 °F (39 °C). If the temperature rises to 105 °F (41 °C), they need to cool down immediately because they cannot cool themselves enough. Should the temperature reach 108 °F (42 °C), their insides begin to break down, possibly leading to serious health issues or even death.[16]

Pugs that live by themselves can have the problem of overweight, although this can be helped by exercising and eating healthy food.[17]

Serious issues

Pugs can also be hurt by necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME). NME is an inflammation of the brain and meninges. It is also known as pug dog encephalitis (PDE). There is no known cure or explanation for NME, although most people believe it is a disease that dogs may get from their mother or father.[18] All dogs usually die within a few months after this disease, which usually happens from 6 months to 7 years of age.[19]

Pugs can get overweight.

Pugs can also get a serious disease in their spine.[20]

Common conditions

Because pugs have wrinkles on their faces, owners must clean the folded part of their skin.[21] Hip dysplasia is another major problem for pugs. About 63.8% of pugs were caught with hip dysplasia.[22]

When pugs get excited, they begin to "reverse sneeze", in which they will breathe in short, quick breaths. "Reverse sneezing" is usually not harmful to the pug. It can be helped by massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose to make it breathe instead with its mouth.[23]

Media and culture

Pugs have come out in television and film, such as Frank the Pug in the film Men in Black and the follow-up series. Other films that have pugs include 12 Rounds,[24], Marie Antoinette (2006 film), and Disney's film about Pocahontas,[25]. They have also appeared on television, in shows like the The West Wing.[26]

Pugs have also appeared in many fictional books, like Lady Bertram's pug in Mansfield Park[27] and in the book Pugs: God's Little Weirdos.[28]

Famous people who own pugs include broadcaster Jonathan Ross,[29] actress Jessica Alba,[30] and actor Hugh Laurie.[source?]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "American Kennel Club - Pug History". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 2006-08-19.
  2. ↑ Shipley, Joseph Twadell (1955). Dictionary of Early English. New York: Philosophical Library.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "American Kennel Club - Pug". Akc.org. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  4. ↑ "Ears". Pug Dog Club of America. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  5. ↑ Marien, Catherine. "Rare Pug Colors". PugInformation.org. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  6. ↑ "How to Control Your Pug's Shedding". Pug Spot. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  7. ↑ "Pug Temperament and Personality". PugInformation.org. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Farr, Kendall (1999). Pugs in Public. New York, United States: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S. Media Holdings. pp. 79 pages. ISBN 1-55670-939-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ↑ "Welcome & History of the Pug". Pug Dog Club of America. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  10. ↑ Belmonte, Brenda (2005). The Pug Handbook. Barron's Educational Series. p. 1. ISBN 978-0764124884. Retrieved 2010-01-17. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Maggitti, Phil (2000). Pugs: everything about purchase, care, nutrition, behavior, and training. Barron's Educational Series. p. 10. ISBN 978-0764110450. Retrieved 2010-01-17. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ↑ Conway, D.J. (2001). Magickal Mystical Creatures: Invite Their Powers Into Your Life. Llewellyn Publications. p. 108. ISBN 978-1567181494. Retrieved 2010-01-16. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ↑ Katharine Macdonogh (August). "Prison Pets in the French Revolution". History Today. 46. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Mathews, Mike (2006-02-27). "The Royal Pug". Buzzle.com. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  15. ↑ "Pug Wins World Championship Show". PugNews. 2004-04-20. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  16. ↑ "Keeping your pug cool during the dog days of summer". Owned by Pugs.com. 2005-07-18. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  17. ↑ "Obesity in Pugs". Pug Information.org. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
  18. ↑ "Slide 1". Pug Dog Club of America. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  19. ↑ "Pug Dog Encephalitis". PugPlace.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  20. ↑ "Hemivertebrae work=Barkbytes.com". Retrieved 14 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  21. ↑ "Pug Health Guide". Pugs.org. op. cit. Retrieved 14 October 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ↑ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed". OFFA.org. Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  23. ↑ Lundgrun, Becky (26 June 2006). "Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex)". VeterinaryPartner.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  24. ↑ "Critic Reviews: 12 Rounds". Fandango.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  25. ↑ "Pug Power: Pugs In Cinema". MutantReviewers.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  26. ↑ "Pug Information". SarahsDogs.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  27. ↑ "Lady Bertram's Lapdog: In the Empire Rests in Mansfield Park". Oxford, UK: Oxford U. Pr. 2005 work=OxfordJournals.org. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Missing pipe in: |year= (help)
  28. ↑ Kellet, Dave (9 July 2008). "Announcement: The Next Book!". SheldonComics.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  29. ↑ Weinberg, Kate (2 August 2008). "Pug lovely". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  30. ↑ "Famous Pugs and Famous Pug Owners". Puginformation.org. Retrieved 21 June 2010.

Other websites

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pug.

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