Soanian

The Soanian culture (Urdu: سوانی ثقافت) is a prehistoric technological culture from the Siwalik Hills in the South Asia. It is named after the Soan River Valley in Pakistan.^[1] Soanian sites are found all along the Siwalik region but the major sites are in the Soan region of Pakistan. The Soanian culture has been dated back to the Middle Pleistocene period (774,000 to 129,000 years ago) or the mid-Holocene epoch (Northgrippian).^[2]^[3]

This culture was first discovered and named by the anthropology and archaeology team led by Helmut De Terra and Thomas Thomson Paterson. Soanian artifacts were made of quartzite pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, all from the Siwalik region.^[4]^[5]

Apart from a few places, like the Soan Valley in Pakistan, there aren't many places where you find a lot of Soanian tools. Usually, you'll only find a few dozen of these artifacts in one spot. Soanian tools likely came about because of how rocks formed in the past. This made it easy for people to move around the materials they needed to make these tools.^[6]

References[change | change source]

↑ Paracha, Nadeem F. (2017-02-02). "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
↑ Lycett, Stephen J. (2007). "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (9): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001.
↑ Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Soanian lithic occurrences and raw material exploitation in the Siwalik Frontal Zone, northern India: a geoarchaeological perspective". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (5): 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.017.
↑ Soni, Vidwan Singh; Soni, Anujot Singh (2013-12-08). "NEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGE AND CONTEXT OF SOANIAN TOOLS FOUND IN POST-URBAN HARAPPAN SITES AND ALONG WTH SE ASIAN TYPE TOOLS ON THE MID-HOLOCENE TERRACES IN THE NW SUB-HIMALAYAS". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 32 (0). doi:10.7152/bippa.v32i0.13603. ISSN 1835-1794.
↑ Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Soanian lithic occurrences and raw material exploitation in the Siwalik Frontal Zone, northern India: a geoarchaeological perspective". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (5): 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.017.
↑ Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Soanian lithic occurrences and raw material exploitation in the Siwalik Frontal Zone, northern India: a geoarchaeological perspective". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (5): 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.017.

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[1] Paracha, Nadeem F. (2017-02-02). "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-03-31.

[2] Lycett, Stephen J. (2007). "Is the Soanian techno-complex a Mode 1 or Mode 3 phenomenon? A morphometric assessment". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (9): 1434–1440. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.001.

[3] Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Soanian lithic occurrences and raw material exploitation in the Siwalik Frontal Zone, northern India: a geoarchaeological perspective". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (5): 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.017.

[4] Soni, Vidwan Singh; Soni, Anujot Singh (2013-12-08). "NEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGE AND CONTEXT OF SOANIAN TOOLS FOUND IN POST-URBAN HARAPPAN SITES AND ALONG WTH SE ASIAN TYPE TOOLS ON THE MID-HOLOCENE TERRACES IN THE NW SUB-HIMALAYAS". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 32 (0). doi:10.7152/bippa.v32i0.13603. ISSN 1835-1794.

[5] Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Soanian lithic occurrences and raw material exploitation in the Siwalik Frontal Zone, northern India: a geoarchaeological perspective". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (5): 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.017.

[6] Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). "Soanian lithic occurrences and raw material exploitation in the Siwalik Frontal Zone, northern India: a geoarchaeological perspective". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (5): 591–614. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.017.

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Timeline
Ancient Palaeolithic Soanian culture, c. 500,000 – 250,000 BCE Neolithic Mehrgarh, c. 7000 – c. 3000 BCE Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE Gandhara Civilization, c. 1500 BCE – c. 1000 CE Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Achaemenid Empire, c. 550 – c. 330 BCE Gedrosia, c. 542 – c. 330 BCE Gandhara, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Arachosia, c. 518 – c. 330 BCE Hindush, c. 517 – c. 330 BCE Sattagydia, c. 516 – c. 330 BCE Ror dynasty, c. 489 – c. 450 BCE Macedonian Empire, c. 329 – c. 323 BCE Arachosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Gedrosia, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Paropamisadae, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Porus, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Taxiles, c. 323 – c. 312 BCE Mauryan Empire, c. 322 – c. 200 BCE Seleucid Empire, c. 312 – c. 63 BCE Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, c. 190 – c. 140 BCE Indo-Greek Kingdom, c. 170 – c. 50 BCE Indo-Scythian Kingdom, c. 110 BCE – c. 95 CE Apracharajas, c. 25 BCE – c. 50 CE Paratarajas, c. 120 – c. 300 CE
Classical Parthian Empire, c. 90 BCE – c. 25 CE Indo-Parthian Kingdom, c. 25 – c. 80 CE Kushan Empire, c. 60 – 345 CE Sasanian Empire, c. 250 – 655 CE Indo-Sasanians, c. 240 – 410 CE Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, c. 240 – 410 CE Gupta Empire, c. 345 – c. 455 CE Rai dynasty, c. 415 – 644 CE Hephthalite Empire, c. 450 – 560 CE Brahman dynasty, c. 641 – 725 CE Zhangzhung, c. 500 BCE - 624 CE Patola Shahis, c. 6th - 8th centuries CE Tibetan empire, c. 618 - 842 CE
Medieval Caliphate, c. 643 – 860 CE Rashidun Caliphate, c. 643 – 661 CE Umayyad Caliphate, c. 670 – 860 CE Pala Empire, c. 770 – 850 CE Habbari dynasty, c. 841 – 1024 CE Hindu Shahi, c. 870 – 1010 CE Samanid Empire, c. 905 – 999 CE Ghaznavids, c. 999 – 1186 CE Soomra dynasty, c. 1024 – 1351 CE Ghurid dynasty, c. 1170 – 1215 CE Makpon Empire, c. 1190 - c. 1840 CE Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE Mamluk dynasty, c. 1206 – c. 1290 CE Khalji dynasty, c. 1290 – c. 1320 CE Tugluq dynasty, c. 1320 – c. 1413 CE Sayyid dynasty, c. 1414 – c. 1451 CE Lodhi dynasty, c. 1451 – c. 1526 CE Mongol Empire, c. 1221 – c. 1327 CE Chagatai Khanate, c. 1225 – c. 1485 CE Ilkhanate, c. 1256 – c. 1353 CE Raees dynasty, c. 1320 – 1620 CE Katoor dynasty, c. 1570 – c. 1947 CE Samma dynasty, c. 1351 – c. 1524 CE Yabgo dynasty, before c. 1500 - 1972 CE Arghun dynasty, c. 1520 – c. 1554 CE Mughal Empire, c. 1526 – c. 1707 CE Bombay Presidency, c. 1618 – c. 1947 CE Suri dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE Tarkhan dynasty, c. 1554 – 1591 CE
Early modern Durrani Empire, c. 1747 – c. 1826 CE Las Bela, c. 1802 – c. 1947 CE Misl, c. 1716 – c. 1799 CE Maratha Empire, c. 1758 – c. 1760 CE Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE Independence Movement
Modern Pakistan, c. 1947 CE – present Dominion of Pakistan, c. 1947 – 1956 CE Islamic Republic, c. 1956 CE – present
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