Monarch

A monarch is a person who rules because one of their relatives ruled. A male monarch can be called a king or emperor. A female monarch can be called a queen or empress.

This is monarchy, a system of ruling in which ruling starts by a member of a family, and continues till the end of a family. Monarchs were very common in history. A lot of countries used to have a monarch, but no longer have them. Some countries that still have monarchs have other leaders that actually have the power.

Monarchs tended to have monarchs of lower honour below them, e.g. a Empire could be split into several kingdoms, and that kingdom would be split into several duchies or principalities, nations would rarely include all titles, usually going from duchy to kingdom instead of duchy to principality to kingdom. Prince/Princess means 'Ruler of a Principality' and 'son of king/queen', in some other languages there are separate words for them.

Title	Male	Female
Empire	Emperor	Empress
Kingdom	King	Queen
Grand Principality	Grand Prince	Grand Princess
Principality	Prince	Princess
Archduchy	Arch Duke	Arch Duchess
Grand Duchy	Grand Duke	Grand Duchess
Duchy	Duke	Duchess
Marquisate	Marquess	Marchioness
County	Count	Countess
Viscounty	Viscount	Viscountess
Barony	Baron	Baroness