User:JetMaarse/Sandbox
Israeli occupied territories[change | change source]
The Israeli Occupied Territories are areas of which their current borders originate from the Six-Day-War in 1967, when Israel took control over the West Bank from Jordan, the Gaza Strip from Egypt[1] and the Golan Heights from Syria.[2]
West Bank[change | change source]
The West Bank is the area west of the Jordan River between Palestine and Jordan and is the most prominent Palestinian area of the Israeli Occupied territories. The area, formerly controlled by Jordan after the war Arab-Israeli war of 1948, was taken over by Israel in the Six-Day-War. The West Bank is in total 5,640 sq km, with a population of 3,2 million people (2023), with approximately 470.000 Israeli settler (2022)[3]. The Palestinian National Authority (PA) and the Israeli government rule the different areas of the West Bank.[4]
The West Bank is divided into three distinct areas between the PA and Israel, resulting from the Oslo Accords (1993-1999). An agreement between the Israeli government and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation to resolve tension. They agreed upon the Israeli withdrawal from the A areas, keeping the Israeli military for shared security in B areas, including Israeli control of the Palestinian borders. After turbulent times between Palestinians and Israelis, for security reasons, Israel started building a wall surrounding the West Bank in 2002, consisting of concrete walls and fences.[5]
The PA exercises civil and security control over the A areas (18%), while the B areas (22%) are under the PA's civil authority and have a shared security authority with Israel. The C areas (60%) (including settlements and the non-inhabited regions) are under complete Israeli authority. Despite these divisions, Israeli Checkpoints are scattered throughout the different areas of the West Bank for Israeli security reasons, further complicating the governance structure.[4]
Gaza[change | change source]
The area of the Gaza Strip borders the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, and Israel. The strip of land is 360 sq km, and has a total of 2.2 million people. After the Arab-Israeli war, the gaza strip became part of Egypt until in 1967 when during the Six-Day-War Israel took control. The Palestinian Authority gained civil and security control over the Gaza Strip after agreements made in the Oslo Accords. Nowadays, different than the West Bank, the Gaza Strip is ruled by Hamas, a separate organization from the PA, which won elections in 2006. The political differences between Hamas and the PA caused violent clashes, breaking the political unity between the West Bank and Gaza in 2007[6].
The Gaza Strip has its own full authority; since 2005, all Israeli settlers withdrew from Gaza due to security reasons. But since 2005 Israel controls Gaza on different aspects, together with Egypt.[7] The Israeli and Egyptian sided borders of Gaza are controlled and surrounded by a fence, restricting and controlling all movement of Palestinians living in Gaza. Also the airspace, communication networks, and sea borders of the Gaza strip are controlled by Israel.
Hamas-Israel War 2023[change | change source]
Tensions between the Gazan people and the Israeli government have been present, also after Israel withdrew from Gaza in 2005. Overtime, these tensions have led to several outbreaks of violence, with rockets fired from Gaza often followed by Israeli responses with airstrikes. With a peak in violence, when Hamas commited an air, ground, and sea invasion at southern Israeli areas at the 7th of October 2023[6], under the name Operation Al-Aqsa Flood[8]. In the attack many Israeli soldiers and civilians were killed, injured or taken hostage into Gaza. The attack was followed by large-scale Israeli airstrikes and an Israeli ground invasion into Gaza strip, continues in 2024[6]. The operation highlights a critical moment in Palestinian resistance against Israeli control and occupation, dismissing Israel's paradigm of indestructibility[8].
The Golan Heights[change | change source]
The Golan Heights passed from Syrian to Israeli control during the the Six-Day War (June 1967).[9] This former southern region of Syria was home to the original community that mostly identifies as Druze. A religious sect that finds its origin in Shia Islam.[10]
East Jerusalem[change | change source]
Shebaa farms[change | change source]
Inhabitants of the territories[change | change source]
The inhabitants of these regions that fall under Israeli occupation share the Arab language and are considered a minority.[11] However there are some differences between the Palestinians and the Druze. The residents in the Golan hills see themselves as different from the Palestinians.[12] The Golan community hold on to their (Druze) Syrian identity.[13] Given that the Golan Heights previously belonged to Syria, the people don't share the Palestinian identity. While the residents in the West Bank and Gaza, identify as Palestinians.[12]
- ↑ Efrat, Elisha (2006). The West Bank and Gaza Strip: a geography of occupation and disengagement. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38544-2.
- ↑ Davis, U. (1983-01-01). "The Golan Heights under Israeli occupation 1967-1981".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "West Bank", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2024-05-01, retrieved 2024-05-05
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Singer, Joel (2021-06-03). "West Bank Areas A, B and C – How Did They Come into Being?". International Negotiation. 26 (3): 391–401. doi:10.1163/15718069-bja10030. ISSN 1382-340X.
- ↑ Works, Palestine (2015). "Occupied East Jerusalem : International Law Framework Governing East Jerusalem". Journal of Palestinian Refugee Studies. 5 (2): 49–58. doi:10.12816/0028383. ISSN 2046-7060.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Gaza Strip", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2024-05-01, retrieved 2024-05-05
- ↑ Anderson, Betty S. (2020-06-30). "A History of the Modern Middle East". doi:10.1515/9780804798754.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mercan, Muhammed Hüseyi̇N (2023). "Operation al-Aqsa Flood: A Rupture in the History of the Palestinian Resistance and Its Implications". Insight Turkey. 25 (4): 79–91. ISSN 1302-177X.
- ↑ Mason, Michael, Munir Fakher Eldin, and Muna Dajani. (2022). The Untold Story of the Golan Heights : Occupation, Colonization and Jawlani Resistance. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6–8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Kennedy, R. Scott (1984-01-01). "The Druze of the Golan: A Case of Non-violent Resistance". Journal of Palestine Studies. 13 (2): 48. doi:10.2307/2536896. ISSN 0377-919X.
- ↑ Hajjar, Lisa (1996). "Making Identity Policy: Israel's Interventions among the Druze". Middle East Report, Minorities in the Middle East: Power and the Politics of Difference (200). Middle East Research and Information Project, Inc. (MERIP): 2. doi:10.2307/3013259. ISSN 0899-2851 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|journal=at position 51 (help) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kheir, Eve A. (2023-02-27). Codeswitching as an Index and Construct of Sociopolitical Identity: The Case of the Druze and Arabs in Israel. BRILL. p. 28. doi:10.1163/9789004534803_002. ISBN 978-90-04-53480-3.
- ↑ Eldin, Munir Fakher (2019-11-01). "Power, Politics, and Community: Resistance Dynamics in the Occupied Golan". Journal of Palestine Studies. 49 (1): 78. doi:10.1525/jps.2019.49.1.77. ISSN 0377-919X.