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Hamas

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Haraka Hamas
حَرَكَةُ حَمَاسَ
Prime Minister of the Palestinian National AuthorityIsmail Haniyeh[1]
Foreign MinisterMahmoud Zahar[1]
FounderSheikh Ahmed Yassin, Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi and Mahmoud Zahar
Founded1987 (1987)
HeadquartersGaza City, Gaza Strip
Student wingIslamic Bloc[2]
Ideology
ReligionSunni Islam
International affiliationAxis of Resistance
Party flag
LeadersYahya Sinwar
Part of Muslim Brotherhood[3]
AlliesState allies:

Non-state allies:

OpponentsState opponents (in alphabetical order):

Non-state opponents:

Hamas (Arabic: حَمَاسُ, romanized: Ḥamās), an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (Arabic: حَرَكَةُ الْمُقَاوَمَةِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ, lit. "Islamic Resistance Movement"), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist political movement in Gaza, with a history of terrorism[36] and antisemitism[37] despite its relative popularity in the Middle East and Western academia.[38][39]

On October 7, 2023, the Hamas took the lead in a series of attacks on Israel,[36] seen by some scholars as the worst massacre of Jews since the end of the Holocaust.[40] Under the 2025 Gaza war ceasefire, Hamas is supposed to keep the Gaza Strip as the IDF withdrew.[41]

Name

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Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase Arabic: حَرَكَةُ الْمُقَاوَمَةِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement".

History

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Hamas was started in 1987 by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi after the beginning of the First Uprising against Israeli violence and occupation. It started as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt. In the 2006 legislative election, the party received 74 out of 132 seats in parliament by campaigning on clean government without corruption and affirming Palestinians' right to defend against Israeli occupation.[dubious – discuss]

Ideas

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The party has supported the reestablishment of the Land of Palestine in all historic land, which includes the West Bank, Gaza, and the State of Israel.[42] The 2017 Hamas Charter stated that the party's struggle was with Zionists and Israeli terrorists.[clarification needed] In 2018, the United Nations voted to reject an American claim to condemn Hamas. Hamas official Sami Abu Zuhri told the Reuters news agency, "Rejecting the American drafted resolution against the resistance represents a blow to the American administration and reaffirms the legitimacy of the resistance."

Controversies

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Violence

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Main article: Palestinian political violence

Hamas is known for terrorist attacks on Jewish targets worldwide. Because of its history of suicide bombings and rocket strikes on civilians in Israel,[43] the United States, European Union and several countries call it a terrorist organisation. Particularly, Jordan has banned the group.[44]

Hamas gunmen capturing civilian hostages from Kibbutz Beéri on October 7, 2023.
Hamas militant storming the kibbutz Alumim in southern Israel during Operation Al-Aqsa Flood on October 7, 2023.
Dashcam photo of a Hamas militiant capturing an Israeli civilian at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, held near Re’im in the southern an-Naqab desert during Operation Al Aqsa Flood.
Home in Kibbutz Nahal Oz infiltrated by Hamas terrorists on 7 October, 2023.

In March 2025, families of the hostages filed a lawsuit in New York, accusing the Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP), Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP), and Within Our Lifetime of working as Hamas propagandists in America.[45]

Particularly, Columbia University's SJP chapter posted an instant story about the Hamas-led attack on October 7, 2023 three minutes before it happened,[45] raising suspicion of them having had foreknowledge.[45] Shlomi Ziv, once held hostage for 246 days, claimed to have been told by a Hamas captor that Columbia University-linked groups were receiving "financial, organisational, and other support" from the Hamas.[45]

Antisemitism

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Main article: Antisemitism
Further information: Islam and fascism and Calls for the destruction of Israel

Antisemitism[46] is also widespread among the Hamas and their supporters.[37] As per scholar Esther Webman, strongly antisemitic rhetoric is frequently found in Hamas leaflets, which tend to equate Jews with Zionists to incite terrorism against Jews.[47]

The Hamas' Charter frames the group's raison d'être as being "against the Jews [...] Israel, Jews and Judaism [are a] challenge to Islam and the Moslem people" and makes it clear that[37]

The Day of Judgment will not come until Moslems fight the Jews [...] The stones and trees will say O Moslems [...] there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him.

The Hamas' Charter also blames the Freemasons, French Revolution, Russian Revolution, WWI and WWII on a "Jewish Zionist conspiracy."[37] In August 2003, senior Hamas official Dr. Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al-Risala:[48]

It is no longer a secret that the Zionists were behind the Nazis' murder of many Jews, and agreed to it, with the aim of intimidating them and forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.

In August 2009, Hamas forbade Palestinian children from studying the Holocaust, demonized by the Hamas as "a lie invented by the Zionists."[49] An ADL global poll in 2024 found that 97% of Palestinians held deeply entrenched antisemitic beliefs,[50] while 72% of Palestinians were satisfied with Hamas' conduct in the Israel–Hamas war[51] and 82% supported the October 7 massacres,[52] despite the October 7 massacres being the worst series of massacres of Jews since the end of the Holocaust.[40]

Popularity

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In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian legislative election. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. This was due to how Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and instead allegedly worsened conditions by corruption. There have been no elections since 2006.

Local work

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Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there are many poor people. Their efforts ended up increasing support to Hamas. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.[42]

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Notes

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  1. ↑ However, al-Qaeda endorsed the 7 October 2023 attacks. [35]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (Hamas)". Transnational and non state armed groups. Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Harvard University. 2008. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
  2. ↑ "Hamas students wing heads students' council at Al Najah University in West Bank". Middle East Monitor. 29 May 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  3. ↑ Frisch, Hillel (2010), Rubin, Barry (ed.), "Hamas: The Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood", The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement, The Middle East in Focus, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 89–102, doi:10.1057/9780230106871_7, ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1, retrieved 2024-01-08
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Qatar, Iran, Turkey and beyond: Hamas's network of allies". France 24. October 14, 2023.
  5. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (July 26, 2013). "Egyptian army questions Mohamed Morsi over alleged Hamas terror links". The Guardian. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  6. ↑ "Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report". Al Arabiya. AFP. October 7, 2023 – via al-Arabiya.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Most of Gaza is poor, but Hamas has cash. Where does it come from?". NBC News. October 25, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Evidence shows Hamas militants likely used some North Korean weapons in attack on Israel". Associated Press. October 19, 2023.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ehl, David (May 15, 2021). "What is Hamas and who supports it?". Deutsche Welle.
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Eltahir, Nafisa; Irish, John (September 23, 2021). "Sudan closes door on support for Hamas". Reuters. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Experts Weigh in on Regional Impact of Syria-Hamas Rapprochement". VOA News. October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gidda, Mirren (July 25, 2014). "Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left". Time. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  14. ↑ "Hamas, PLO slam 'blatant US interference' in Venezuela affairs". Middle East Monitor. 25 January 2019.
  15. ↑ "Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 5 January 2021.
  16. ↑ "Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia". JNS.org. 16 June 2021.
  17. ↑ "Polisario reaffirms its determination to continue struggle until right to self-determination is restored". Sahara Press Service. October 10, 2023. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023. Evoking the serious developments in Palestine, the Permanent Bureau of the Polisario Front reaffirmed the solidarity of the Sahrawi people with the Palestinian people.
  18. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel. "Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  19. ↑ "الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى". alahednews.com.lb (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  20. ↑ "Palestinian Factions: Hamas and PIJ | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  21. ↑ "Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing'". Roya News. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  22. ↑ "IRAN UPDATE, OCTOBER 14, 2023". ISW. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  23. ↑ "Iran Update, October 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 17 October 2023.
  24. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). "IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  25. ↑ "New Jihadi Group Al-Farouq Brigades Threatens To Launch Attacks Against Israel From Sinai, Warns Egyptian Army Not To Stand In Their Way: It Is The Duty Of Every Muslim To Take Up Arms And Wage Jihad Against Israel, Avenge The Blood Of The Martyrs In Gaza". MEMRI. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  26. ↑ hhanes (2024-01-18). "Armed group in the Sinai declares it will fight Israel". FDD. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  27. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs stresses importance of providing full protection to citizens, ending battle between Hamas, Israeli Forces". Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2023-10-09. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  28. ↑ "Bahrain denounces Hamas kidnappings". www.timesofisrael.com. 2023-10-09. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  29. ↑ Chinese ambassador: Hamas attack was 'outrageous,' but peace requires two states. Maayan Hoffman, ILTV May 12, 2025
  30. ↑ "Is Jordan planning to restore ties with Hamas?". The Jerusalem Post.
  31. ↑ Israeli envoy says Taiwan a good friend, China's response to Hamas attacks 'disturbing'. Reuters
  32. ↑ "How the US became Israel's closest ally". October 13, 2023.
  33. ↑ "What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East". NPR.
  34. ↑ AFP. "Hamas arrests Salafi sheikh over alleged Islamic State ties - Radical cleric Adnan Khader Mayat detained on Sunday by Gaza security forces". Times of Israel. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  35. ↑ Burke, Jason (2023-10-22). "Al-Qaida and IS call on followers to strike Israeli, US and Jewish targets". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Hamas | Definition, History, Ideology, & Facts". Britannica. Retrieved April 28, 2025. Hamas, militant Palestinian nationalist and Islamist movement [...] embraced the use of violence, including acts of terrorism [...] to achieve its goals [. ...] October 7 assault on Israel from the Gaza Strip by Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) that resulted in more than 1,200 deaths, primarily Israeli citizens, making it the deadliest day for Israel since its independence.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3
  38. ↑
  39. ↑
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1
  41. ↑ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-reemerge-gaza-israel-war-rcna189088. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Hamas". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  43. ↑ "Hamas". Haaretz.com. Retrieved December 22, 2019. ...in 1993 Hamas launched its first suicide attack inside Israel, a practice that it would uphold from then on, causing massive Israeli civilian casualties.
  44. ↑ Hirst, David (November 22, 1999). "Jordan curbs Hamas". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Sinclair, Annabel (March 26, 2025). "Columbia students accused of prior knowledge of 7 October in new Hamas lawsuit". Jewish News. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
  46. ↑ "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
    IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
  47. ↑ Webman, Esther. Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. ISBN 965-222-592-4
  48. ↑ "David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies: Welcome". wymaninstitute.org. 2 December 2004. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust." Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA). 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.
  50. ↑
  51. ↑ "Poll shows Palestinians back Oct. 7 attack on Israel, support for Hamas rises". Reuters. December 14, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
  52. ↑ "Most Palestinians Support October 7 Attack, Dissatisfied With Abbas and Fatah". Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD). June 14, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
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