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Suleiman I or Suleyman I (6 November 1494 – 5/6 September 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He became sultan when he was 26 years old. He reigned for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566, which was longer than any other Ottoman sultan. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Islamic world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), because he changed the organization of the Ottoman legal system. This nickname shows how important he was in the Ottoman Empire. Some people even considered Suleiman as the “World Emperor and Messiah of the Last Age”.[1]
He also led many wars in Europe, including wars in Hungary, Austria, the Mediterranean, and parts of North Africa.[2]
Childhood[change | change source]
Suleiman was the only son of Selim I and Ayşe Hafsa Sultan. Suleiman spent his childhood in the city of Trabzon, where he got a basic education from his personal teachers. One of his first known teachers was Hayreddin Efendi. Suleiman spoke eight languages fluently. He also wrote Persian poetry and his hobby was composing lute music. Besides battle, he also enjoyed philosophical debate.[3]
During his childhood, Suleiman became friends with Damat Ibrahim Pasha, who was a slave of the sultan. Later during Suleiman’s reign Pasha became an important adviser and grand vizier.[2]
When Suleiman was 10 years old, he was expected to take over an administrative position (sancak) in the Ottoman government, but the sons of Beyazid II held him back. Suleiman followed his father Selim I to become emperor of the Ottoman Empire in September 1520.[2]
Siege of Vienna[change | change source]
Suleiman tried to capture Vienna, the capital of the Hapsburg Austrian Empire, two times. One time in 1529, and another time in 1532. Both times Suleiman failed. The Siege of Vienna became the end of the growth of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. After these failed attempts, Suleiman started to focus on growing his Empire into Asia and the Mediterranean instead of Central Europe.[4]
Characteristics of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman[change | change source]
The empire that Suleiman ruled over had Turkish as its main language. The religion of Islam played a central role during his reign.[5] A variety of people were ruled over by the Ottoman Empire. They were separated by differences in race, language, religion, and customs. This variety of people included those who were favored as they had the state religion, which was Islam. Others may have had a lesser position but still were allowed to have their own religion, for example Jews and Christians. Throughout Suleiman's reign, the government was made up of the Ruling Institution. This institution included the family of the sultan, the ministers of the sultan, and the army. During Suleiman’s reign, it can be said that the Ruling Institution had more power and influence than the Muslim Institution. However, the Muslim Institution was aiming to catch up with the Ruling Institution.[6]
Accomplishments in Ottoman Empire[change | change source]
- Suleiman hired people who were very talented and smart to help him govern.[2]
- Suleiman captured a very big territory and the Ottoman Empire’s size doubled during his reign. His navy was successful in the Mediterranean, and he captured almost all of North Africa except for Tunis.[2]
- Suleiman captured Belgrade in 1521, and Rhodes in 1522. Suleyman did this to show how powerful he was.[2]
- One of Suleiman’s first actions as a sultan was to give freedom of movement to 600 important families. Those families had been deported by Selim I to Cairo in 1517. What Suleiman did was give those families the chance to move back to the Ottoman Empire if they wanted to. Suleiman also played a role in the protection of the Jewish people and other non-Muslims under his empire.[2]
- At the start of his reign, Suleiman decided to strengthen Ottoman military power against the Christian enemies of the Ottoman Empire.[2]
Successor of Suleiman[change | change source]
Suleiman wanted to keep the power to himself. To prevent his son Mustafa from taking the power from Suleiman with a coupe. Suleiman decided to have Mustafa strangled in 1553.[7] Suleiman’s successor was his son, Selim II. He came to the throne during civil conflicts with his brothers. Selim II had the urge to live a life of pleasure, instead of focusing on the difficult task of being a governor. He assigned the affairs of state to his fit grand vizier (chief minister) and son-in-law, Mehmed Sokullu.[3]
After Selim II came to power to follow up Suleiman, the reign of the Ottoman Empire steadily went downhill, because Selim II was more focused on his personal pleasure.[8]
Death Suleiman[change | change source]
Suleiman passed away on September 7th 1566.[9] He died during the war with Austria. After his death, he was moved back to Istanbul. He was buried in Mimar Sinan’s biggest mausoleum.[10]
- ↑ Bonney, Richard (2011-11-13), Martel, Gordon (ed.), "Suleiman I ("the Magnificent") (1494-1566)", The Encyclopedia of War, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. wbeow612, doi:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow612, ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4, retrieved 2022-05-09
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Süleyman the Magnificent and his age : the Ottoman Empire in the early modern world. İ. Metin Kunt, Christine Woodhead. London: Longman. 1995. ISBN 0-582-03828-6. OCLC 31901146.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Suleiman". C3 Teachers. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
- ↑ Erler, Mary Carpenter (1987). "Süleyman's 1532 Vienna Campaign: An English News Dispatch". The Slavonic and East European Review. 65 (1): 101–112. ISSN 0037-6795.
- ↑ Süleyman the Magnificent and his age : the Ottoman Empire in the early modern world. İ. Metin Kunt, Christine Woodhead. London: Longman. 1995. ISBN 0-582-03828-6. OCLC 31901146.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Lybyer, Albert Howe (2013-10-01). The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674337053/html. ISBN 978-0-674-33705-3.
- ↑ "(PDF) Why Did Suleyman the Magnificent Execute His Son Sehzade Mustafa in 1553?". ResearchGate.
- ↑ "Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent | All About Turkey". www.allaboutturkey.com. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
- ↑ Süleyman the Magnificent and his age : the Ottoman Empire in the early modern world. İ. Metin Kunt, Christine Woodhead. London: Longman. 1995. ISBN 0-582-03828-6. OCLC 31901146.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Walton, Jeremy F. (2019-08-08). "Sanitizing Szigetvár: On the post-imperial fashioning of nationalist memory". History and Anthropology. 30 (4): 434–447. doi:10.1080/02757206.2019.1612388. ISSN 0275-7206.