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Rape

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20 The Bulgarian martyresses by Konstantin Makovsky (1877)

Rape is usually defined as having sexual intercourse with a person who does not want to, or cannot consent. Consent is when someone agrees of their own choice without being forced to. In France it is more widely defined as 'unwanted sexual penetration'. Rape is a form of sexual assault. In most countries, rape is one of the most serious crimes. The International Criminal Court can also condemn it as a "crime against humanity", if done by a group. A person who rapes someone is a rapist. Rapists may use violence, drugs, or threats to get their way. People of any gender can be raped. This was not recognized by the United States law until 2011.[1] People often stay quiet about a rape because they feel ashamed about it.

How common it is

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According to a study done in the Europpean Union, of 2011, two percent of the women taking part said that they had been victims of sexual violence, in the preceding year.[2] A representative U.S. study found that between 15 and 25 percent of women were raped at least once during their lifetime.[3] According to a study by the United Nations, of 2013, about 25 percent of the men in the Asia Pacific region said that they had raped at least one woman, ten percent said they have forced a women to have sex with them who wasn't their partner.[4]

After being raped

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People who have been raped, should do a number of things. These things have to be done rather quickly:

  • Tell the police, or be interviewed by the police. This interview will likely be recorded, or a transcript will be made. Usually, people will be interviewed by an police officer of the same sex. The police will then use the information to find the offender, and to press charges against him or her.
  • In many countries there are organizations who support the victims.
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A person may be unable to consent (say yes to) to sexual intercourse or other sexual activity. Having sex with a person who cannot consent is rape.

Children

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Some adults are unable to consent to sex.

  • People who are sleeping or unconscious cannot consent to sexual intercourse.
  • People who are under the influence of certain drugs such as alcohol may be unable to consent to sex. They may be unable to walk, may slur speech, or may be confused.
  • People suffering from certain illnesses or disabilities are unable to consent, even though they may legally be adult. The conditions they have affect their thinking. They may not know what sex is, or they may be unable to judge the consequences of having sex. They may seem confused or unsure. Developmental disabilities, mental illness, and brain injuries can make a person unable to consent. A court may find someone unable to consent.

Forms of rape

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There are different forms:

  • Sometimes, the victims are children or young adults. Very often, the perpetrators act in groups. They charm people, to get their trust. Later they rape the victims. There may be sexual exploitation that lasts for a long time. This means that victims are often traumatized. In 2021, the members of such a gang were found in the city of Hull.[5]
  • A group of people rape one or more people. Usually, the perpetrators are younger than in the case that one single person rapes another one. Most of the time, the perpetrators are male, though there were cases were women also took part in the rape. Usually there is a hierarchy in the group of people who rape. Very often, the rape is planned in advance. In the group, people commit a serious crime, which any group members would not have committed if they had been on their own. Moral values within the group are important. Usually, the victims are humiliated and objectified. The victim feels helpless, also because there are many people acting in a group. In the group, this helplessness thrills the perpetrators, who see this as a form of leisure activity. If the perpetrators are more well-known, they will act more ruthlessly. This kind of rape causes severe physical and psychological damage to the victim. The damage will be more severe than in the case of one person raping another. There are few scientific studies, this is because this form of rape is relatively rare.
  • In wars, civil wears and ethic cleansing operations, it is relatively common that women and children of the opponents are raped. This kind of rape is a war crime. Examples are forced prostitution in brothels. More than half of all the victims are children.
  • Sometimes, rape occurs during military service. This is often not reported.
  • Sometimes, rape is used as a method of torture.
  • In some cases, women were raped with the consent of the regime. This was the case in Iran, where women sentenced to death were raped before being executed. The Shiite belief is that unmarried women who are killed enter paradise as virgins. Raping them before execution would prevent that, in the view of the people
  • Rape that occurs between people who are married.

Marital rape

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Marital rape is where the victim of rape is married to the person committing the rape. Non-consensual sex with a married partner is thought to be rape under the laws of some countries but not others. In the United Kingdom, marital rape was determined to be a crime in the case of R v. R (1991). Marital rape being illegal does not mean that the law is enforced. For example, in Ireland marital rape was made illegal in 1990, but by 2006 only one person had been convicted of it.[6]

Effects of rape

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A man rapes a woman in a field, drawing by Martin Van Maele

Rape is a medical emergency. People who are raped may be injured or have a sexually transmitted disease (STD). People may not know they are hurt or sick. Doctors can give medicine to treat an STD. HIV, an STD, can be prevented by early treatment. If seen quickly, a doctor can give medication called emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. Rape is at least twice as likely to cause pregnancy as consensual sex. The reason for this is not known.[7]

At the hospital, police can collect evidence from the victim and his/her clothing. Evidence may help find the rapist, and can help the police send him or her to jail. Waiting too long makes it hard to collect evidence. Also, taking a shower before telling the police or going to a hospital can wash off some of the DNA evidence.

Victims of rape often feel scared, sad, and/or guilty. They may think about the rape a lot, even when they do not want to. They may have nightmares about the rape. Many have post-traumatic stress disorder. People who are raped during childhood or adolescence often get borderline personality disorder.[8] Talking to someone, like a counselor, can help. Rape counselors are trained to help rape victims. Sometimes doctors can give medicine to decrease fear and sadness. Calling a rape crisis center or hotline can help a victim find help.

Rapists

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Rape is a form of sexual violence. Almost all people who become rapists are male, only about one percent are female. Rapists are usually people who know the victim. In about 15 percent of the cases, the victim did not know the rapist. In many cases, the rapists were former partners of the victim. When the victim calls for help, or tries to oppose the attacker, these actions were successful more often, if the attacker was unknown.

Victims

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In Zambia, 43% of girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced some form of sexual violence.[9]

Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders, ages, sexual orientations, ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. When classifying rapes, there are a number of categories. These categories include things like if the victim knew the attacker, what kind of relationship they had. Kinds of rape include date rape, gang rape, marital rape, incestual rape, child sexual abuse, prison rape, acquaintance rape, war rape and statutory rape. Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury.[10][11][12]

Motives

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The WHO states that the main factors that lead to sexual violence against women, including rape, are:[13]

There is no single factor that can explain why people rape other people. The motives are usually multi-faceted. A few of the factors that have been proposed are:

Rape may also have a benefit in evolution.[16][17]

In many male groups, sexual aggression is a means of identifying, and of getting a higher status in the group. People who resort to sexual aggression may get a higher esteem among male peers.[18] Among young men, sexually aggressive behavior has been correlated with being part of a gang or a group,, as well as having other delinquent peers.[19][20]

Many rapists think gang rape may be justified, to discourage women from behaviour the men consider immoral. Such behaviour may be that women ear short skirts, or that they visit a bar. Gang rape may lasso be used to punish women, if they engaged in such behaviour. In some areas in Papua New Guinea, women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders. [21][needs update]

Gang Rape and mass rape are often seen as a means of male bonding. This can be seen among soldiers. About three quarters of rapes in wartime are gang rapes. During peacetime, gang rape counts for less than a quarter of the cases. Commanders sometimes tell recruits to rape. Raping can be taboo and illegal. This means it will build loyalty among the people involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group.[22] In Papua New Guinea, urban gangs such as Raskol gangs often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation.[23]

Perpetrators of sex trafficking and cybersex trafficking allow or carry out rape[24][25][26] for financial gain[27] and/or sexual gratification.[28] Rape pornography, including child pornography, is created for profit and other reasons.[29] There have been instances of child sexual abuse and child rape videos on Pornhub.[30][31]

Rape culture

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Some people believe in 'rape culture'. For example, they say that the United States has a rape culture. Rape culture is a culture that lets rape happen. It even encourages it. In the US 97% of rapists are never put in prison for their crimes.[32] Some people are worried about women lying about being raped and men getting unfairly punished. This happens much less often than people think. In a study of college athletes, they thought that women lie about being raped 50% of the time.[33] A 2005 study by the British Home Office found that 2.5% of rape reports were false.[34]

Part of rape culture is victim blaming. This is when people say that someone who has been raped is the person to blame for their rape. An example of this is people saying that a rape victim was 'asking for it' because they were wearing a short skirt. It can also be more subtle. Victim blaming has been linked to the just world fallacy. This is when people think that the world is fair, so bad things only happen to people who have done something wrong. Victim-blaming is also related to 'slut-shaming'. The idea of rape culture has been criticized. Christina Hoff Sommers argues that rape is just one type of violent crime and America's culture of violence in general is what should be fought.[35]

Rape in wartime

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Ottoman soldiers raping women in the Balkans, Gottfried Sieben, Balkangreuel
See the main article: Wartime sexual violence

Rape is frequently used as a form of psychological warfare and torture during wartime, and is considered a crime against humanity.

Statistics

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It is not easy to find out how many people have been raped or how many people have raped. A lot of rape victims don't tell anyone that they were raped. They may be scared that they will not be believed or feel too ashamed to talk about what happened. The conviction rate for rape is very low so they might think reporting to police is a waste of time. The 2006-07 British Crime Survey found that 1 in every 200 women suffered from rape in that period. The same year 800 people were convicted of rape. This means less than 1 in every 100 reports of rape led to a conviction.[36] A survey by Mumsnet found that 68% of women would hesitate reporting a rape to the police because of low conviction rates.[37] So rape report statistics are not reliable. A person may be raped but deny or not realize that what happened to them is rape, so would not say 'yes' if they were asked in survey if they had been raped. A person is more likely to say they were raped or raped someone if the word 'rape' is not used in a survey question. Different countries have different legal definitions of rape. Marital rape or rape that is not male-female is not always counted in the law or statistics. Some studies ask what people think about rape instead of or as well of if they have raped or been raped. This comes from the idea that rape is a social problem.

United States

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One in five women in the U.S. say they have been raped in their lives.[38] One in three Native American women has been a victim of rape or attempted rape.[39]

One in six men in the U.S. say they were raped or sexually abused before age 18.[40][41][42]

Prostitutes have possibly the highest rape rate in the population. A 1996 study in San Francisco found that 70% of a sample of 200 female prostitutes had been raped.[43]

United Kingdom

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Opinion Matters surveyed a random sample of 1061 people in London aged 18 to 50 online. 20% had been raped (23% of 712 women and 15% of 349 men).[44]

In a 2005 poll 26% of people thought that a woman is partly or fully responsible for her rape if she was wearing sexy clothing. 4% thought that there are more than 10,000 women raped a year.[45]

60% of 1000 women in a Rape Crisis survey thought that rape is not rape if the woman does not say 'no'. 16% had been raped.[46]

A 2009 study by NSPCC found that 1 in 16 girls between the age of 13 and 17 who were in relationships had been raped.[47]

In a survey between 2010 and 2012 of adults living in Britain, 9.8% of women said they had been raped and 1.4% of men said they had been raped.[48]

In 2013 the 'Savile effect' was described in the media. In 2012 there was a lot of media coverage about claims of child sexual abuse against Jimmy Savile. The number of sex crimes reported to police increased 9%. This was linked to the sexual abuse scandal.[49]

Finland

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In Finland convicted rapists get very short sentences compared to other countries. Between 2001 and 2003 the average sentence for rape was two years in prison.[50]

Asia/Pacific

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In 2013 a study by the United Nations was published that asked 10,178 men in six countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka) if they had raped a woman who was not their partner. Over one in 10 said yes. When they were asked if they had raped a woman who was their partner, 1 in 4 said yes, making headlines. The highest rate was 62% of men in Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea who said they had raped a woman. 7.6% had raped a man. 14% of men from the area had took part in gang rape.

2.8% of the whole sample reported having raped another man. The lowest rate was 10 per cent in urban Bangladesh.[51] The majority of the men who had raped did not face any legal consequences. 42.7% had first raped between the age of 15 and 19.

73% said they raped because of sexual entitlement. 59% said they did it for fun. 38% said they had raped a woman to punish her. Alcohol was the least common reason. Men who had been sexually abused were more likely to rape.

20.8% of 1,863 Cambodian men had raped. Gang rape was the least common kind of rape in Cambodia. In Cambodia it was more common than non-partner rape by a rapist on their own. 81.7 percent of Cambodian women said that if a woman does not physically fight back it is not rape. Other research found that 87% of Cambodian girls and 87% of Cambodian boys don't think that gang rape of a prostitute by a group of men is wrong or actually rape.[52]

96.5% of Sri Lankan men who raped experienced no legal consequences.

20% of 8000 Indian men in a survey by ICRW had committed marital rape.[53]

In a survey by IUSSP 32% of Indian women said they had been raped in their lives.[54] The conviction rate for rape in India is 24.21%.[55]

South Africa

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South Africa has been described as the rape capital of the world. In a study in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal by the South African Medical Research Council over one in four of 1737 anonymously surveyed men said that they had raped. 4.6% had raped and 5.3% had attempted rape in the last year. 16.8% had attempted rape ever. 8.9% had engaged in gang rape in their lives. 46.3% of men who had raped had raped more than one woman or girl and 53.9% had raped more than once. 7.1% raped 6-10. 7.7% said they had raped more than ten women or girls. 45% did not feel guilty. 9.8% of rapists were under 10 years old and 16.4% were 10–14 years old the first time they raped a girl of woman. However the sample contained more young men than the general population. The men who raped were much more likely to have experienced bullying and bad relationships with their parents. The most common reason given by the rapists for raping was entitlement.[56]

In another study in Gauteng, South Africa's wealthiest province, over 1 in 3 (37.4%) of the 487 men asked admitted to rape. Two thirds of men said they raped because of feeling entitled to sex. Other reasons given were that they wanted to have fun or to punish a woman. 25.3% of 511 women said they had been raped.[57]

Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa says that in 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women they asked in Johannesburg were raped.[58]

A 2013 study of grade-nine boys at 46 secondary schools in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth found that 17.2% had raped.[59]

A study of 1370 rural South African men aged 15–26 from 70 villages found that 21% had raped. The average age of first rape was 17.[60]

Other very different statistics have been reported.

In "The South African demographic and health survey of 1998" 4% of women aged 15 to 49 said they had been raped. The reason for the differences in the statistics are not known.[61] Rape between men is not part of the legal rape definition in South Africa.

Lesotho

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In a study of 1,049 women in Lesotho, 33% said they had been raped by the age of 18. In 66% of cases the rapist was a boyfriend.[62]

Tanzania

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A study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city, found that 1 out of 5 women over the age of 12 (the age group studied) have been raped.[63] 10% had reported their rapes to police.

Democratic Republic of Congo

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A 2010 study estimated that 1,100 women are raped every day in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a statistic 26 times higher than the previous estimate.[64]

An analysis of 2,565 patients who received medical care in the Médecins Sans Frontières sexual violence clinic in Ituri found that 96% were female. 73% were raped by armed men. 95.2% of the male victims were raped by armed men. 35.9% of females who were asked if they had became pregnant as a result of their rape said yes. 74.5% experienced gang rape (89.3% of male and 73.9% of female victims), usually involving 2-4 rapists. 48.6% of victims were raped while doing daily chores outside the home like collecting water and 12.3% in their own homes.[65]

Botswana

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10.3% of women in Botswana said that they had been raped in a 2011 study. 3.9% of men said they had raped.[66]

Eswatini

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5% of Eswatini men in a study had raped.[66] 11.4% of women had been raped.

Ethiopia

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A study in Addis Ababa of high school boys found that 4.3% had been raped in their lives.[67]

In a sample of street females in Bahir-Dar town 24.3% had been raped in their lives and 11.4% were raped in the last year. 93.8% of the rapes were not reported. 19.1% became pregnant as a result of their rape.

A study of 374 female students at Wolaita Sodo University found that 23.4% had experienced attempted rape and 8.7% had been raped.

The World Health Organization (WHO) found among a sample of women in rural Ethiopia who had had sex, 17% said that the first time they had sex it was forced.[68]

Ghana

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In a survey 8% of 2011 Ghanaian women had been raped. 5% of men had raped a wife or girlfriend.[69]

Nigeria

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Out of a sample of 295 female students from Ebonyi State University Abakaliki in Southeast Nigeria, 10.8% had been raped on campus.[70] In another study of 12-19-year-old students from schools in Oyo State found that 68.3% of intellectually disabled females with sexual experience had been raped.[71]

In a 2013 poll, 34% of 585 randomly chosen Nigerians said that 'indecent dressing' is the most common cause of rape in their society. 79% agreed with the statement 'most rapes in Nigeria go unreported'.[72] In Nigeria raping someone you are married to (marital rape) is not recognized as a crime.[73]

Other websites

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rape.

References

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  2. ↑ European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights: Violence against women: an EU‑wide survey abgerufen am 1. Dezember 2021
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  53. ↑ "Info Change India - Page Not Found". infochangeindia.org. Archived from the original on 2019-02-08. Retrieved 2019-02-11. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  54. ↑ http://www.iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/APARNA%20MUKHERJEE_IUSSP1.pdf
  55. ↑ "A 24.21 percent conviction rate for rape in India, lower every year". Firstpost. 10 September 2013.
  56. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2013-09-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  57. ↑ Smith, David (25 November 2010). "One in three South African men admit to rape, survey finds". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  58. ↑ "BBC News - Africa - South Africa's rape shock". news.bbc.co.uk.
  59. ↑ Ross, D. A.; Delany-Moretlwe, S.; Weiss, H. A.; Dringus, S.; Kaufman, E. B.; Kaufman, Z. A. (1 July 2013). "P3.387 Prevalence and Predictors of Rape Perpetration Among Male Secondary School Students in Peri-Urban Xhosa Communities in South Africa". Sex Transm Infect. 89 (Suppl 1): A270. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0840. S2CID 71199068 – via sti.bmj.com.
  60. ↑ Jewkes, Rachel; Dunkle, Kristin; Koss, Mary P.; Levin, Jonathan B.; Nduna, Mzikazi; Jama, Nwabisa; Sikweyiya, Yandisa (1 December 2006). "Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors". Social Science & Medicine (1982). 63 (11): 2949–2961. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.027. PMID 16962222 – via PubMed.
  61. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2013-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  62. ↑ "Magnitude of sexual violence in Lesotho". apha.confex.com.
  63. ↑ "Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)". www.bioline.org.br.
  64. ↑ "Rape of women in DR Congo 'tops 1000 a day'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  65. ↑ Duroch, Françoise; McRae, Melissa; Grais, Rebecca F. (19 April 2011). "Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 11 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-11-5. PMC 3108309. PMID 21504596.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Tsai, Alexander C.; Leiter, Karen; Heisler, Michele; Iacopino, Vincent; Wolfe, William; Shannon, Kate; Phaladze, Nthabiseng; Hlanze, Zakhe; Weiser, Sheri D. (1 June 2011). "Prevalence and Correlates of Forced Sex Perpetration and Victimization in Botswana and Swaziland". American Journal of Public Health. 101 (6): 1068–1074. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300060. PMC 3093262. PMID 21493950.
  67. ↑ Haile, Rahel Tesfaye; Kebeta, Negussie Deyessa; Kassie, Getnet Mitike (16 May 2013). "Prevalence of sexual abuse of male high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 13 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-13-24. PMC 3682909. PMID 23680171.
  68. ↑ http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf
  69. ↑ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw-stat-2005/docs/expert-papers/Ardayfio.pdf
  70. ↑ Emma-Echiegu, N. B.; Ogbonnaya, C. E.; Ogbonnaya, L. U. (1 January 2011). "Prevalence of sexual harassment/victimization of female students in Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria". Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care. 23 (1–2): 55–67–67 – via www.ajol.info.
  71. ↑ Aderemi, Toyin J; Pillay, Basil J; Esterhuizen, Tonya M (8 February 2013). "Differences in HIV knowledge and sexual practices of learners with intellectual disabilities and non-disabled learners in Nigeria". Journal of the International AIDS Society. 16 (1): 17331. doi:10.7448/IAS.16.1.17331. PMC 3568677. PMID 23394898.
  72. ↑ "Welcome to NOI Polls". noi-polls.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-05. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  73. ↑ "Academic Journals - Journals" (PDF). academicjournals.org.
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