Voiced labiodental fricative
| Voiced labiodental fricative | |
|---|---|
| v | |
| IPA number | 129 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | v |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0076 |
| X-SAMPA | v |
| Kirshenbaum | v |
| Sound | |
The voiced labiodental fricative is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨v⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨v⟩. The English language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 'v' in very and division.
See also in retroflex
counterpart
Features[change | change source]
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
- The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is labiodental. This means that this sound is produced with the lower lips and the upper teeth.
- The manner of articulation (how the sound is produced) is fricative. This means that this sound is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
Examples[change | change source]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | |
| Afrikaans | wees | [vɪəs] | 'to be' | |
| Albanian | valixhe | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | |
| Arabic | Algerian[1] | كاڥي | [kavi] | 'ataxy' |
| Hejazi | ڤيروس | [vajˈruːs] | 'virus' | |
| Siirt[1] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | վեց |  [vɛtsʰ] (help·info) |
'six' |
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐ ctava | [ctaːva] | 'book' | |
| Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' |
| Bulgarian | вода | [voda] | 'water' | |
| Catalan | Alguerese[3] | vell | [ˈveʎ] | 'old' |
| Balearic[4] [3] | ||||
| Southern Catalonia[5] | ||||
| Valencian[5][3] | ||||
| Chechen | вашa / vaṣa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | |
| Chinese | Wu | 饭 | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' |
| Sichuanese | 五 | [v] | 'five' | |
| Czech | voda | [ˈvodä] | 'water' | |
| Danish | Standard[6] | véd | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' |
| Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' |
| Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | |
| Standard[7] | ||||
| English | All dialects | valve | [væɫv] | 'valve' |
| African American[8] | breathe | [bɹiːv] | 'breathe' | |
| Cockney[9] | [bɹəi̯v] | |||
| Esperanto | vundo | [ˈvundo] | 'wound' | |
| Ewe[10] | evlo | [évló] | 'he is evil' | |
| Faroese[11] | veður | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | |
| French[12] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | |
| Georgian[13] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | |
| German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | |
| Greek | βερνίκι verníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | |
| Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | |
| Hindi[14] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | |
| Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | |
| Irish | bhaile | [vaːlə] | 'home' | |
| Italian[15] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | |
| Kabardian | вагъуэ | [vaːʁʷa] (help·info) |
'star' | |
| Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | |
| Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[16] | venn | [ve̞nː] | 'friend' |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' |
| Limousin | ||||
| Provençal | ||||
| Persian | Western | ورزش | [varzeʃ] | 'sport' |
| Polish[17] | wór | [vur] (help·info) |
'bag' | |
| Portuguese[18] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | |
| Romanian | val | [väl] | 'wave' | |
| Russian[19][20] | волосы | [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | |
| Serbo-Croatian | voda | [vɔ'da] | 'water' | |
| Slovak[21] | vzrast | [vzräst] | 'height' | |
| Slovene[22] | filozof | 'philosopher' | ||
| Spanish[23] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | |
| Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | |
| Turkish[24] | vade | [väːˈd̪ɛ] | 'due date' | |
| Tyap | vak | [vag] | 'road' | |
| Urdu | ورزش | [vəɾzɪʃ] | ‘exercise’ | |
| Vietnamese[25] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | |
| West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeɪ̯vjə] | 'to weave' | |
| Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | |
| Yi | ꃶ/vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' | |
Notes[change | change source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Watson (2002:15)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "La /v/ labiodental" (PDF). IEC. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wheeler (2002:13)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ↑ McWhorter (2001), pp. 148.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 328.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:115)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Janet Pierrehumbert; Rami Nair (1996), Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods) (PDF), European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996, ISBN 978-1-901471-02-1, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13, retrieved 2022-02-16
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Padgett (2003:42)
- ↑ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Herrity (2000:16)
- ↑ http://www.uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdf Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine; http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6))
- ↑ Thompson (1959:458–461)
References[change | change source]
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199229314.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Herrity, Peter (2000), Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415231485
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
