German Empire
Appearance
German Empire Deutsches Reich (German) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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1871–1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Motto: Gott mit uns (German)[2] Nobiscum Deus (Latin) ("God with us") | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Anthem: Heil dir im Siegerkranz[3] ("Hail to Thee in the Victor's Crown") Die Wacht am Rhein (unofficial)[4][5][6] ("The Watch on the Rhine") | |||||||||||||||||||||||
The German colonial empire in 1914 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital and largest city | Berlin 52°31′7″N 13°22′34″E / 52.51861°N 13.37611°E | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Official languages | German | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Common languages | List
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Religion (1880) | Majority: 62.63% Protestant (United Protestant, Lutheran, Reformed) Minorities: 35.89% Roman Catholic 1.24% Jewish 0.17% other Christian 0.07% other | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | German | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Government | Federal parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy[7][8][9][10]
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Emperor | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1871–1888 | Wilhelm I | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1888 | Friedrich III | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1888–1918 | Wilhelm II | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Chancellor | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1871–1890 | Otto von Bismarck | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1890–1894 | Leo von Caprivi | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1894–1900 | C. zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1900–1909 | Bernhard von Bülow | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1909–1917 | T. von Bethmann Hollweg | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1917 | Georg Michaelis | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1917–1918 | Georg von Hertling | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1918 | Max von Baden | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Legislature | Bicameral | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Upper house | Bundesrat | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• Lower house | Reichstag | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Historical era | New Imperialism • World War I | ||||||||||||||||||||||
18 January 1871 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
16 April 1871 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
15 November 1884 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
28 July 1914 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
3 November 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
9 November 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
11 November 1918 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
11 August 1919 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 1,750,000 km2 (680,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1910[13] | 540,857.54 km2 (208,826.26 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||
• Estimate | 70,000,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1871[14] | 41,058,792 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1900[14] | 56,367,178 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1910[14] | 64,925,993 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Currency | Until 1873: (1873–1914) German Papiermark (1914–1918) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Area and population not including colonial possessions |
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Reich),[a][15][16][17][18] also referred to as Imperial Germany,[19] the Second Reich[b][20] or simply Germany, was a country in Europe during the period of the German Reich from 1871 to its dissolution in November 1918. When the German Empire collapsed, it became the Weimar Republic, a republic.[21][22]
List of German states
[change | change source]
State | Capital | |
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Kingdoms (Königreiche) | ||
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Prussia (Preußen) | Berlin |
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Bavaria (Bayern) | Munich |
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Saxony (Sachsen) | Dresden |
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Württemberg | Stuttgart |
Grand duchies (Großherzogtümer) | ||
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Baden | Karlsruhe |
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Hesse (Hessen) | Darmstadt |
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Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Schwerin |
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Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Neustrelitz |
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Oldenburg | Oldenburg |
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) | Weimar |
Duchies (Herzogtümer) | ||
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Anhalt | Dessau |
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Brunswick (Braunschweig) | Braunschweig |
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Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg) | Altenburg |
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Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) | Coburg |
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Saxe-Meiningen (Sachsen-Meiningen) | Meiningen |
Principalities (Fürstentümer) | ||
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Lippe | Detmold |
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Reuss, junior line | Gera |
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Reuss, senior line | Greiz |
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Schaumburg-Lippe | Bückeburg |
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Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | Rudolstadt |
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Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | Sondershausen |
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Waldeck-Pyrmont | Arolsen |
Free Hanseatic cities (Freie Hansestädte) | ||
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Bremen | |
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Hamburg | |
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Lübeck | |
Imperial territory (Reichsland) | ||
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Alsace-Lorraine (Elsaß-Lothringen) | Straßburg |
Related pages
[change | change source]Notes
[change | change source]References
[change | change source]- ↑ Seyler, Gustav A.:Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. Reprograf. Nachdr. von Siebmacher's Wappenbuch 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil (Nürnberg 1909 – 1929)
- ↑ Preble, George Henry, History of the Flag of the United States of America: With a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations, 2nd ed, p. 102; A. Williams and co, 1880
- ↑ Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.). Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung. Münster: Bachmann Verlag.
- ↑ Hansen, Hans Jürgen (1978). Heil Dir im Siegerkranz: die Hymnen der Deutschen. Oldenburg, Hamburg: Stalling. ISBN 3-7979-1950-6.
- ↑ von ADELHEID, K. L. A. I. B. E. R. ""Max Schneckenburger (1819–1849)–der Dichter der "Wacht am Rhein "". SCHRIFTEN DER BAAR. p. 165. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ↑ Ochsmann, Almut. "100 Jahre deutsche Nationalhymne: Überlegungen zu Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op. 140." Mitteilungen der Internationalen Max-Reger-Gesellschaft 3.42 (2022): 18–23.
- ↑ "German Empire". Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
- ↑ Nipperdey, Thomas, "Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918: Zweiter Band: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie" (1995), p. 98–108.
- ↑ Röhl, John C. G. "Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life" (2014), p. 172–173.
- ↑ Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2016). "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918". German History. 34 (4): 529–554. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghw117. ISSN 0266-3554.
- ↑ Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3.
- ↑ Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II
- ↑ "German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910" (in German). Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Population statistics of the German Empire, 1871" (in German). Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
- ↑ "German constitution of 1871" (in German). German Wikisource. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
- ↑ "Cornell University Library Making of America Collection". collections.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ↑ World Book, Inc. The World Book dictionary, Volume 1. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany.
- ↑ Joseph Whitaker. Whitaker's almanack, 1991. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term Deutsches Reich being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.
- ↑ See, for example, Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds., Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., Imperial Germany 1871–1918. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005.
- ↑ "German Empire". Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ↑ Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane. "Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb". bpb.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011). "Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik". bpb.de (in German). Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.