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History of Kurds

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Kurds are an Iranic ethnic group in the Middle East. They live in the mountainous areas to the south of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish Kurmanji and Central Kurdish (Sorani).

Shaddadids

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The ruins of Manuchihr Mosque, an 11th-century Shaddadid mosque built among the ruins of Ani
The ruling area of the Shaddadids and the Rawadids

The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty[1][2][3][4] that ruled in Armenia and Arran between 951 and 1174. It was between the Kura and Araxes rivers. They dominated a large part of the Caucasus until the Seljuk ruler Toghrul came to the region.[5]The dynasty was first established in Dvin, and it also dominated Barda and Ganja. The Shaddadis army organized expeditions against the Bagratuni dynasty and the Khazars from 1020 onwards. Fadl I successful in the beginning, but on his way back from a successful campaign in 1030, he met Georgian and Armenian forces and was defeated. They fought against the Byzantine army between 1047 and 1057. Then the influence of the Shaddadis in the region dwindled. From 1067 onwards, the Shaddadis dynasty was occupied by the Seljuks. It continued as a dependent dynasty until 1174.[6][7] The cities of Ani and Tbilisi were given as gifts due to his service to the Seljuks.[8]

Rawwadids

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Originally of Azdi Arab descent,[9] the Rawadids ruled Tabriz and northeastern Adharbayjan in the late 8th and early 9th centuries.[10]

Marwanids

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Ruling area of the Marwanid dynasty
Medieval miniature depicting Marwanid assault on Byzantine Edessa in 1032

The Marwanids were a Kurdish dynasty[11][3][4] in the Diyar Bakr region of Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. The founder of the Marwanids, Bad or Baz was a shepherd, took up arms and became a war chief. He was popular. From the middle of the tenth century he made conquests in Eastern Anatolia. He first came from the south and took Erciş and the fortified positions around it. Baz strengthening his influence, captured Diyarbakir (Amid) and Silvan and Nusaybin, which were under the control of the Buyids.[12]

In 984 he defeated Samsam al-Dawla, the sultan of the Buyids, and captured Mosul.[13] Although he wanted to take Baghdad, he failed and had to leave Mosul. In 991, Baz, who tried to capture Mosul again, was defeated by the Hamdanids, the rulers of the city, and died in this battle. His sister's son Abu Ali Hasan ibn Marwan ascended the throne in 990.[14] Marwan made Mayyafariqin (Silvan) his capital. He continued to fight against the Hamdanids and defeated them twice. When Hasan ibn Marwan was assassinated in Diyarbakır in 997, he was replaced by his brother Said ibn Marwan.[15] The Marwanid dynasty, enjoyed considerable economic and cultural prosperity, but the Kurdish languagedoesnot appear.[16] In 1085, the Seljuk army captured most of the region after a fierce battle.

References

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  1. ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 151.
  2. ↑ Peacock 2000.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kennedy 2016, p. 215.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vacca 2017, p. 7.
  5. ↑ KHACHATRyAN, A. A. (1979), Nijnetalinskaya Arabskaya Nadpis 570/11'74 Goda, PatmaBanasirakan Handes, IV, page. 1 88-198.
  6. ↑ Shaddadids, C.E. Bosworth, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, page 169.
  7. ↑ Andrew C. S. Peacock, Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia, page 216.
  8. ↑ Caucasica in the History of Mayyāfāriqīn, V. Minorsky, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Cilt 13, No. 1, 1949, Cambridge University Press, p. 29.
  9. ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Islam: MAH-MID
  10. ↑ Peacock 2017.
  11. ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 89.
  12. ↑ Catherine Holmes, Basil II And the Governance of Empire, 976-1025, (Oxford University Press, 2005), 308.
  13. ↑ İbn Şeddâd, "Nusaybin Tarihi", çeviren: Doç. Dr. Hüseyin Güneş, Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018/1, cilt: IX, sayı: 19, p. 232. (in Turkish).
  14. ↑ Catherine Holmes, Basil II And the Governance of Empire, 976-1025, (Oxford University Press, 2005), 309.
  15. ↑ Marwanids, Carole Hillenbrand, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VI, ed. C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B.Lewis and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1991), 626.
  16. ↑ Öpengin 2021, p. 612.

Sources

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  • Aḥmad, K. M. (1985). "ʿANNAZIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. Fasc. 1. pp. 97–98.
  • Atmaca, Metin (2012). "Bābān". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Stewart, Devin J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25080. ISBN 9789004464582.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
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  • Magoulias, Harry J. (1975). Decline and fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks. State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1540-8.
  • Tapper, Richard (1997). Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521583367.
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