View source for Lawrence, Kansas

{{vgood}}
{{use mdy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Lawrence, Kansas
|settlement_type          = City and [[County seat]]
|nickname                 = LFK,<ref>{{cite web|title=Behind LFK: The acronym created by local printmaker and KU alumna|url=http://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/behind-lfk-the-acronym-created-by-local-printmaker-and-ku/article_8dc5971e-7248-11e5-953b-1344b0483548.html|website=kansan.com|publisher=University Daily Kansan|access-date=October 3, 2018|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221020/http://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/behind-lfk-the-acronym-created-by-local-printmaker-and-ku/article_8dc5971e-7248-11e5-953b-1344b0483548.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Larryville,<ref>E.g. {{cite web|title=Larryville Life|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/weblogs/LarryvilleLife/|website=LJWorld.com|publisher=Lawrence Journal-World|access-date=October 3, 2018|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221106/http://www2.ljworld.com/weblogs/LarryvilleLife/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|motto                    = From Ashes to Immortality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-lawrence.html|title=Lawrence: From Ashes to Immortality|publisher=Legends of America|access-date=July 3, 2018|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806044905/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-lawrence.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = City_of_Lawrence,_Kansas_montage.png
|image_caption            = Clockwise from top-right: Dyche Hall, [[Eldridge Hotel]], Shunganunga Boulder, [[Lawrence Public Library]], [[Massachusetts Street]], Douglas County Courthouse, aerial view of city 
|image_flag               =
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map                = Douglas County Kansas Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Lawrence Highlighted.svg
|map_caption              = Location within [[Douglas County, Kansas|Douglas County]] and [[Kansas]]
|image_map1               = Map of Douglas Co, Ks, USA.png
|map_caption1             = [[Kansas Department of Transportation|KDOT]] map of [[Douglas County, Kansas|Douglas County]] ([[:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png|legend]])

<!-- Location -->
|coordinates_footnotes    = <ref name="GNIS">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:479145|title=GNIS Detail – Lawrence|website=geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031152035/https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names?p=gnispq%253A3%253A%253A%253ANO%253A%253AP3_FID%253A479145|url-status=live}}</ref>
|coordinates              = {{coord|38|58|18|N|95|14|7|W|region:US-KS_type:city_source:GNIS|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_name1        = [[Kansas]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Kansas|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Douglas County, Kansas|Douglas]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[List of townships in Kansas|Township]]
|subdivision_name3        =

<!-- Established -->
|established_title        = Founded
|established_date         = 1854
|established_title1       = [[Platted]]
|established_date1        =
|established_title2       = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date2        = February 20, 1858<ref name="KS Inc dates">{{cite web|url=https://kshs.org/research/pdfs/incorporated_cities_alphabetical_with_dates.pdf|title=Incorporated Cities Alphabetical with Dates|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|access-date=May 24, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216093817/https://kshs.org/research/pdfs/incorporated_cities_alphabetical_with_dates.pdf|archive-date=December 16, 2018}} List of Cities in Kansas and their incorporation dates. Lawrence is in the 2nd column on the 4th page.</ref>
|named_for                = [[Amos A. Lawrence]]

<!-- Government -->
|government_footnotes     =
|leader_title             = [[City commission government|Mayor]]
|leader_name              = Bart Littlejohn<ref>https://lawrenceks.civicweb.net/portal/members.aspx?id=10</ref>
|leader_title1            = City Manager
|leader_name1             = Craig Owens<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lawrenceks.org/cmo/staff/|title=City Manager Staff|access-date=2021-10-29|archive-date=2021-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029135829/https://lawrenceks.org/cmo/staff/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- Area -->
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020"/>
|area_total_sq_mi         = 34.98
|area_land_sq_mi          = 34.15
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.83
|area_total_km2           = 90.60
|area_land_km2            = 88.45
|area_water_km2           = 2.14
|unit_pref                = Imperial

<!-- Elevation -->
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name="GNIS"/>
|elevation_ft             = 866

<!-- Population -->
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="Census-2020-QF"/>
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_total         = 94934
|pop_est_footnotes        =
|pop_est_as_of            =
|population_est           =
|population_density_sq_mi = auto
|population_density_km2   = auto

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
|utc_offset               = −6
|timezone_DST             = CDT
|utc_offset_DST           = −5
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]s
|postal_code              = 66044-66047, 66049
|area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|area_code                = [[Area code 785|785]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 20-38900<ref name="GNIS"/>
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]]
|blank1_info              = 0479145<ref name="GNIS"/>
|blank2_name              = [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highway]]
|blank2_info              = [[File:I-70 (KS).svg|25px|link=Interstate 70 in Kansas]]
|blank1_name_sec2         = Public Transportation
|blank1_info_sec2         = [[Lawrence Transit]]
|website                  = {{URL|https://lawrenceks.org/|lawrenceks.org}}
}}
'''Lawrence''' is a city in [[Douglas County, Kansas|Douglas County]] in the state of [[Kansas]] in the [[United States]]. It is in the northeastern part of the state, near [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]]. It is the [[county seat]] of Douglas County. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population of the city was 94,934.<ref name="Census-2020-QF">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts; Lawrence, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lawrencecitykansas/POP010220 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824025434/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lawrencecitykansas/POP010220 |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> This makes it the [[List of locations in Kansas#Cities by number of people|sixth-biggest city in Kansas]]. The [[University of Kansas]] and [[Haskell Indian Nations University]] are in Lawrence.

The [[New England Emigrant Aid Company]] (NEEAC) created Lawrence in 1854. It is named after [[Amos Adams Lawrence]], who gave financial support to the city.<ref name="lawrenceci">{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.lawrence.ks.us/about_us |title=About Us &#124; City of Lawrence, KS |website=Ci.Lawrence.KS.us |date=November 21, 1996 |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505033308/http://www.ci.lawrence.ks.us/about_us |archive-date=May 5, 2012 }}</ref> During [[Bleeding Kansas]], Lawrence was where the [[Wakarusa War]] (1855) and the [[Sacking of Lawrence|Sack of Lawrence]] (1856) happened. Lawrence is also the site of the [[Lawrence Massacre]] (1863) which happened during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865).

Lawrence started as an important place for [[Free-Stater (Kansas)|free-state]] [[politics]]. After that, Lawrence's [[economy]] grew to be in many [[industries]]. These industries include [[agriculture]], [[manufacturing]], and [[education]]. Lawrence is called a "[[college town]]" because the University of Kansas is an important part of the city. There are many places in town where [[student]]s like to go.

== History ==
{{See also|History of Kansas}}

=== Early history ===
Before the creation of the [[Kansas Territory]], the area was part of the [[Shawnee people|Shawnee]] [[Indian reservation|Reservation]].<ref name="Cutler Douglas Settlers" /><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.shawnee-tribe.com/History.html |website=[[Shawnee Tribe|The Shawnee Tribe]] |access-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806062241/http://www.shawnee-tribe.com/History.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Shawnee reservation was created in 1830. Most of eastern Kansas was in the reservation. In 1854, it became part of the Kansas Territory. The [[Oregon Trail]] went through the area. People on the Oregon Trail used a [[hill]] called "Hogback Ridge" to help guide them.<ref name="Cutler Douglas Settlers">Andreas (1883), pp. 308{{en dash}}09.</ref> Today, Hogback Ridge is called "[[Mount Oread]]."

In the first half of the 1800s, there were many arguments about [[slavery in the United States]]. During this time, every time a [[Slave and free states|free state]] (a state where slavery was illegal) was added into the country, a [[Slave and free states|slave state]] (a state where slavery was allowed) had to be added too. The [[Missouri Compromise]] continued to let this happen. As a [[compromise]] between people arguing for or against slavery being legal in new states, Senator [[Lewis Cass]] and Senator [[Stephen A. Douglas]] [[wikt:promote|promoted]] the idea of "[[popular sovereignty]]." That meant the people in the area would decide to have slavery or not (instead of [[politicians]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] deciding). Popular sovereignty was a big part of the 1854 [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]]. That [[law]] undid the [[Missouri Compromise]] in practice. The Kansas-Nebraska Act also created the [[Kansas Territory]] and the [[Nebraska Territory]].<ref name=childers_2011 /><ref name=gilman>Gilman (1914), pp. 5{{en dash}}10.</ref>

After the law passed, anti-slavery people were worried that the Kansas Territory would become a slave state.<ref name=cordley1>Cordley (1895), p. 1.</ref> This is because the state next to Kansas is Missouri, which was a slave state. People believed that the first [[settlers]] in Kansas would be from Missouri.<ref name=cordley1 /> To stop Missouri from [[influencing]] Kansas, anti-slavery people from around the United States came to Kansas. These people wanted to make Kansas a free state.<ref name=childers_2011>Childers (2011), pp. 48–70.</ref><ref name=cordley1and2>Cordley (1895), pp. 1{{en dash}}2.</ref> These people were called "[[Free-Stater (Kansas)|free-staters]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofkansas.com/freestate.html|work=Legends of America|date=June 2015|access-date=May 30, 2018|author=Weiss, Kathy|title=Free-Staters of Kansas|archive-date=March 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307102033/http://legendsofkansas.com/freestate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New England Emigrant Aid Company]] (NEEAC) helped anti-slavery people move to Kansas. It sent two men named [[Charles L. Robinson]] and [[Charles Branscomb|Charles H. Branscomb]] to [[exploration|explore]] the land. They would decide a good place to send people. They saw Hogback Ridge, and they liked it because it was close to the Oregon Trail.<ref name=cordley4and5>Cordley (1895), pp. 4{{en dash}}5.</ref><ref name="Cutler Douglas Lawrence">Andreas (1883), pp. 312{{en dash}}14.</ref><ref>[[Federal Highway Administration]] (2002), p. A64.</ref><ref>Andreas (1883), p. 308.</ref> They told the NEEAC to send people to this place.

[[File:Charles L. Robinson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles L. Robinson]] was important in creating Lawrence.]]

While Robinson and Branscomb were exploring, the NEEAC was getting people to move to Kansas.<ref name=cordley4and5 /> The NEEAC wanted to send a big group of people to claim the land. However, a [[cholera]] [[outbreak]] in the [[Missouri River Valley|Missouri Valley]] stopped this from happening.<ref>Andreas (1883), p. 312.</ref> The NEEAC was able to get a small group of only 29 men to go.<ref name=cordley4and5 /> They left [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] on July 17, 1854. Many people in Boston were happy to see them do this, and they hoped they would do well.<ref name=cordley4and5 /><ref name="standard360">Connelly (1918), p. 360.</ref> In late July, the group came to [[St. Louis]] and met Charles Robinson. He gave them [[transportation]] and told them what to do.<ref name=cordley4and5 /> They came to the Kansas Territory in late July. They ate their first meal on Hogback Ridge on August 1, 1854.<ref name=cordley4and5 /><ref name=19thcenturyhouses5>Armitage and Lee (1992), p. 5.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harvey |first1=Douglas |title=Fuller's Brushes With Fame |url=http://www.kuconnection.org/archive/2002/03/people_Fullers.asp |website=[[University of Kansas|KU Connection]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130014530/http://www.kuconnection.org/archive/2002/03/people_Fullers.asp |archive-date=November 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name="biennialreport" /> After they had eaten, half of them left to claim the land around them. The other half stayed on Hogback Ridge. They began putting up their tents between Mount Oread and the [[Kansas River]] (close to where Massachusetts Street is). This was the start of the city.<ref name=standard360 /><ref name=standard361>Connelly (1918), p. 361.</ref>

Four weeks later, Robinson and [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]] led a second group of 67 people from [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] on August 31. While they were going to Kansas, other anti-slavery people joined them. When they came to Lawrence on September 9{{endash}}11, their group had 114 people.<ref name="Cutler Douglas Lawrence" /><ref name="standard360" /><ref name=cordley6and7>Cordley (1895), pp. 6{{en dash}}7.</ref> This group had about ten women, some children, and some [[musician]]s.<ref name=cordley6and7 /> A third group came on October 8-9. However, many of them "became [[disgust]]ed" by the settlement because it did not look good, and they went back to New England. Many felt the NEEAC [[trick]]ed them.<ref name="standard361" /> A fourth group came on October 30,<ref name="claims">Andreas (1883), pp. 314{{en dash}}16.</ref><ref name="Cutler Newspapers">Andreas (1883), pp. 316{{en dash}}17.</ref> a fifth group on November 20, and a sixth group on December 1.<ref name=border>Gilmore (2005), p. 47.</ref>

On September 18, 1854, the people of Lawrence made a [[government]]. On September 20, they wrote a [[constitution]] which did not allow slavery. The people of Lawrence wrote this constitution even though other people near them wanted slavery. On September 30, the people of Lawrence came together to protect Thomas J. Ferril, an anti-slavery [[clergy]]man from Missouri. Pro-slavery people went to Ferril's house and [[threat]]ened [[violence]]. The pro-slavery people left when they saw free-state people coming with guns.<ref name=biennialreport /> On October 1, a woman [[wikt:destroy|destroyed]] the tent of a free-state man. Pro-slavery people came to stop the settlers from building the tent again, but they built the tent again without violence.<ref name=biennialreport />

Lawrence was first called "Wakarusa". It also had different names like "New Boston" or "[[Yankee]] Town."<ref name=biennialreport /> Some people wanted the city to be called "Lawrence" to [[honour|honor]] a man named [[Amos Adams Lawrence]].<ref name="Cutler Douglas Lawrence" /> He was a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] businessman who did not like slavery. People believed that if they named the city "Lawrence," he would give financial support to the city. He did.<ref>Bisel (2012), p. 32.</ref> On October 1, the people [[vote]]d to name the city Lawrence.<ref name="Cutler Douglas Lawrence" /> On October 17, people started building houses and businesses.<ref name="claims" /> Pro-slavery people tried to build houses close to Lawrence, and people from Lawrence hated this. They had a very angry argument. The pro-slavery people threatened violence, but they left. No violence happened.<ref name="claims" />

In early October 1854, [[Andrew Horatio Reeder]], the first [[List of Governors of Kansas|governor of the Kansas Territory]], came to Lawrence. He had a [[party]]. He asked everyone to get along. He did not say anything about slavery.<ref name=biennialreport /> The first winter in Lawrence was difficult because it was very cold, and people did not have good houses.<ref name=biennialreport /> Two miles south of Lawrence on November 3, 1854, the first [[election]]s were held. At the elections, a man named Henry Davis attacked a pro-slavery man named Lucius Kibbee using a [[Bowie knife]].<ref name=biennialreport /><ref>{{cite journal|author=Pantle, Alberta|title=Death Notices from Kansas Territorial Newspapers, 1864-1864: Part One, A-L|journal=The Kansas Historical Quarterly|year=1950|pages=301–529|url=http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1950/50_3_pantle.htm|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182747/http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1950/50_3_pantle.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Kibbee then shot Davis and killed him. This was the first [[murder]] in Kansas.<ref name=biennialreport />

[[File:Plymouth Congregational Church, 1856.jpg|thumb|right|[[Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)|Plymouth Congregational Church]] in Lawrence was the first church in [[Kansas Territory]].]]
Two [[newspaper]]s were started in 1854. They were the ''Kansas Pioneer'' and the ''Herald of Freedom''. The writers of the newspapers wrote about their belief that slavery was wrong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-lawrence.html|title=Lawrence Kansas – From Ashes to Immortality|work=legendsofamerica.com|access-date=July 31, 2010|archive-date=August 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806044905/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ks-lawrence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)|Plymouth Congregational Church]] was built in September 1854; it was the first [[church (building)|church]] in Kansas. In January 1855, Lawrence's first [[post office]] was built.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/page:1/county:DG/sort:County.county_name/direction:asc |title=Kansas Post Offices, 1828–1961 (archived) |publisher=Kansas Historical Society |access-date=June 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529170103/http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/page%3A1/county%3ADG/sort%3ACounty.county_name/direction%3Aasc |archive-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> The first postmaster was E. D. Ladd.<ref>Cordley (1895), p. 20.</ref> On January 10, 1855, Lawrence's first free [[school]] was built. The teacher was Edward Fitch.<ref name=biennialreport>{{cite book|title=First Biennial Report of the State Board of Agriculture to the Legislature of the State of Kansas, for the years 1877-8, second edition|publisher=[[State of Kansas|Kansas State Board of Agriculture]]|location=Topeka, Kansas|date=December 31, 1878|volume=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX45AQAAMAAJ|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-date=October 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031152029/https://books.google.com/books?id=xX45AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}} [[State of Kansas|Kansas State Board of Agriculture]] (1878), pp. 187-191.</ref>

=== "Bleeding Kansas" ===
{{See also|Bleeding Kansas|Wakarusa War}}
At the start of 1855, the free-staters and the pro-slavery people around Lawrence started fighting for political power. At the Kansas elections on March 30, 1855, about 700-1,000 pro-slavery people from Missouri voted at the election. They came in more than 100 [[wikt:wagon|wagon]]s. They had guns, rifles, pistols, and [[Bowie knife|Bowie knives]]. They also brought two pieces of [[artillery]].<ref name=cordley30and31>Cordley (1895), p. 30{{endash}}31.</ref> No one argued with them because there were a lot of them. They went back to Missouri the next day. Before the election, the government did a [[census]] which showed that 8,601 people lived in Kansas. Of those 2,905 were voters; Lawrence had 369 voters.<ref name=cordley28>Cordley (1895), p. 28.</ref> There were a total of 2,905 voters in the territory, but there were 6,307 votes counted. 1,034 votes were cast in Lawrence, but 802 were from people who did not live in Kansas. Only 232 of the votes were real.<ref name=cordley32>Cordley (1895), p. 32.</ref> At the election, a man named Silas Bond was shot at, and he ran away. He was shot at because he was "an [[wikt:obnoxious|obnoxious]] free-state man."<ref name=biennialreport />

On August 27, 1855, the pro-slavery people were happy when the [[Governor of Kansas|Governor]] [[Daniel Woodson]] chose a pro-slavery man, [[Samuel J. Jones]], to be the [[Douglas County, Kansas|county]] [[sheriff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Samuel J. Jones (Sheriff), ca.1820-ca.1880|url=http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=bio_sketches/jones_sheriff|website=Territorial Kansas|access-date=April 27, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005161736/http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=bio_sketches%2Fjones_sheriff|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 1855, the anti-slavery man [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] came to Kansas. He brought many guns to give to other anti-slavery people.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bordewich|first1=Fergus|title=John Brown's Day of Reckoning|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/john-browns-day-of-reckoning-139165084/|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|access-date=April 27, 2018|date=October 2009|archive-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093448/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/john-browns-day-of-reckoning-139165084/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 1855, the people of Lawrence had a meeting and decided to [[wikt:resist|resist]] any laws the [[Kansas legislature]] passed. They believed the legislature was elected by armed Missouri people, not Kansas people.<ref name=biennialreport /> Amos Lawrence and others sent [[crate]]s full of [[rifle]]s. They wrote on the crates that the things inside were books because "the [[border ruffian]]s had no use for books," so they did not take the rifles when they came to Lawrence.<ref name=cordley37>Cordley (1895), p. 37.</ref> [[Horace Greeley]] helped send a [[howitzer]] to Lawrence.<ref name=cordley37 />

On November 21, 1855, the pro-slavery man Franklin N. Coleman shot anti-slavery man Charles Dow in the head. This killed him.<ref name=biennialreport /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://territorialkansasonline.ku.edu/index.php?SCREEN=show_document&document_id=101751&SCREEN_FROM=keyword&selected_keyword=Dow,%20Charles%20W.&startsearchat=0|title=Experience of John E. Stewart|date=1856|author=John E. Stewart|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|access-date=May 8, 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918082539/https://territorialkansasonline.ku.edu/index.php?SCREEN=show_document&document_id=101751&SCREEN_FROM=keyword&selected_keyword=Dow,%20Charles%20W.&startsearchat=0|url-status=live}}</ref> This happened after many angry arguments between them about land [[wikt:claim#Noun|claims]].<ref>Litteer (1987), pp. 4{{en dash}}7.</ref><ref>Connelley (2018) [1900], p. 44.</ref> When Sheriff Samuel Jones [[wikt:investigation|investigated]] the crime, Franklin Coleman said he shot Charles Dow in [[self-defense]]. Jones believed Coleman because they both were pro-slavery men. Jones decided to [[arrest]] Jacob Branson, a friend of Charles Dow and an anti-slavery man, for [[wikt:breach of the peace|disturbing the peace]]. A group of anti-slavery people saved Branson.<ref name=wakwarcyc /><ref name=wakwarcyc1 /><ref>Bisel (2012), pp. 55{{en dash}}56.</ref>

====Sacking of Lawrence====
{{main|Sacking of Lawrence}}
[[Wilson Shannon]], the governor of the Kansas Territory, saw that the people were becoming very angry and violent. He asked the Kansas [[militia]] to come and keep the [[peace]]. Shannon wanted the people in the militia to be from Kansas, but Samuel Jones brought 1,200-1,500 men from Missouri.<ref name=biennialreport /><ref name=wakwarcyc1 /><ref>Litteer (1987), pp. 13{{en dash}}14.</ref> When the people of Lawrence learned this, they made a militia of 600-800 men. They chose Robinson to lead the militia. [[James H. Lane]] was chosen as his [[second-in-command]]. John Brown and his four sons also joined to fight. Both groups were ready to fight, but they could not because the winter was very cold. Wilson Shannon decided to [[wikt:prevent|prevent]] a fight. He demanded that the leaders of both sides agree to a [[peace treaty]]. They did, and the men from Missouri went back to Missouri.<ref name=biennialreport /><ref name=wakwarcyc>{{cite web|last1=Mullis|first1=Tony|title=Wakarusa War|url=http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/content/wakarusa-war|website=Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865|access-date=Sep 5, 2015|date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=September 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204449/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/content/wakarusa-war|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wakwarcyc1>{{cite web|url=http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1912/w/wakarusa_war.html |title=Wakarusa War {{en dash}} KS-Cyclopedia {{en dash}} 1912 |publisher=Skyways.Lib.KS.us |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512061914/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1912/w/wakarusa_war.html |archive-date=May 12, 2012 }}</ref><ref>Fitzgerald (1988), pp. 74{{en dash}}75.</ref> This "war" is known as the [[Wakarusa War]].<ref name=wakwarcyc1 />

[[File:Sacking-lawrence.jpg|thumb|right|The Free State Hotel after the 1856 Sacking of Lawrence.]]

In spring 1856, pro-slavery people wanted to make the free-staters weak. The pro-slavery people said that the ''Herald of Freedom'' [[newspaper]], the ''Kansas Free State'' newspaper, and the Eldridge Hotel were very bad.<ref name="Cutler Newspapers" /> On April 23, 1856, Samuel Jones came to Lawrence. He tried to arrest some anti-slavery people who had created their own anti-slavery government. A [[sniper]] shot Samuel Jones, but he did not die. The people of Lawrence made Jones leave.<ref name=biennialreport /><ref>Connelley (2018) [1900], p. 53.</ref><ref name=ball /> On May 11, Federal Marshall (like a [[police officer]] but for the entire country) Israel B. Donaldson said that people [[wikt:interfere|interfered]] with Samuel Jones which was not legal.<ref name=ball>Ball (2001), p. 174.</ref> A Kansas [[grand jury]] agreed. They said that Lawrence built the Free State Hotel (the Eldridge Hotel) for military purposes.<ref>Griffin (1968), pp. 409{{en dash}}26.</ref> Donaldson, Jones, and others recruited an army of 800 men<ref>Ball (2001), p. 175.</ref><ref>Monaghan (1984), pp. 55{{en dash}}58.</ref> to [[wikt:enforce|enforce]] the law. However, they also wanted to stop the anti-slavery men in Lawrence.<ref name=money_book>Whitfield (2014), p. 14.</ref>

On May 21, Donaldson and Jones took their army to Lawrence. They arrested more anti-slavery people. The people of Lawrence hoped that Donaldson and Jones would leave after the arrests, but this did not happen. Jones and his men started [[wikt:sack#Verb|sacking]] Lawrence. They took over Charles Robinson's house and used it as a [[headquarters]].<ref name=biennialreport /><ref>{{cite web|title=Charles Robinson Arrested in Lexington, Missouri|url=http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/charles-robinson-arrested-lexington-missouri|access-date=February 21, 2019|year=2014|website=Civil War on the Western Border|publisher=[[Kansas City Public Library]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011120126/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/charles-robinson-arrested-lexington-missouri|archive-date=October 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> They attacked free-state newspapers offices. They [[Strike (attack)|struck]] the [[printing press]]es, and they threw the [[Sort (typesetting)|sort]] into the Kansas River. They shot the Free State Hotel (the Eldridge Hotel) using a [[cannon]] and burned it down. They took $30,000 worth of things. After burning Charles Robinson's house, the army left.<ref name=money_book /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lawrencesack.htm |title=The Sack of Lawrence, Kansas, 1856 |website=EyeWitnessToHistory.com |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516000515/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lawrencesack.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The day of destruction was called the "[[Sacking of Lawrence]]." Surprisingly, only one person died; a man died when he was hit by falling [[masonry]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-law-that-ripped-america-in-two-99723670/|author=Drake, Ross|title=The Law That Ripped America In Two|journal=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=May 1, 2004|access-date=October 2, 2017|archive-date=October 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030333/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-law-that-ripped-america-in-two-99723670/|url-status=live}}</ref> In late September 1856, another sack seemed like it was about to happen when 2,700 pro-slavery men came to Lawrence. Anti-slavery men [[Defense (military)|defended]] the city.<ref name=biennialreport /><ref name="KSGenWeb Douglas1" /> Governor [[John W. Geary]] saw what was happening. He asked for federal [[wikt:reinforcement|reinforcements]] to [[Defense (military)|defend]] the city. No violence happened.<ref name=biennialreport /><ref name="KSGenWeb Douglas1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1878/douglas.html|title=First Biennial Report, 1878, Douglas County, Kansas|access-date=May 23, 2019|publisher=KSGenWeb|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140402/http://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1878/douglas.html|url-status=live}} Kansas State Board of Agriculture 1878 Biennial Report.</ref>

====Anti-slavery capital====
In 1855 and 1857, Lawrence got a charter (a document that [[wikt:official|officially]] creates a town) from the pro-slavery Kansas government. The people of Lawrence resisted the Kansas government because they believed they were too pro-slavery. They did not accept it because it would [[wikt:force#Verb|force]] Lawrence to follow pro-slavery laws.<ref name=eb1911>Chisholm (1911).</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction |url=https://assets.lawrenceks.org/assets/hr/docs/employee_handbook/2015/1_Welcome_Mission_Intro/c_handbook_introduction.pdf |publisher=City of Lawrence |access-date=June 9, 2018 |date=December 2015 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143126/https://assets.lawrenceks.org/assets/hr/docs/employee_handbook/2015/1_Welcome_Mission_Intro/c_handbook_introduction.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 1857, the people of Lawrence tried to get an "official" (only the people of Lawrence saw it as official) charter from the extralegal (having no real authority) anti-slavery government.<ref name=eb1911 /><ref name=martiallaw /> If they could not get one, Lawrence would simply make one themselves. Governor [[Robert J. Walker]] believed this was a [[revolt]]. On July 15, 1857, he sent an army to Lawrence and [[wikt:declare|declared]] [[martial law]]. The army stayed close to Lawrence until October 1857. They stayed until October because there were elections.<ref name=martiallaw>{{cite web|title=Governor Walker Declares Lawrence in Rebellion|url=http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/governor-walker-declares-lawrence-rebellion|website=Civil War on the Western Border|publisher=[[Kansas City Public Library]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063022/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/governor-walker-declares-lawrence-rebellion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[United States Congress]] (1922), p. 71.</ref> They wanted to make sure that there would be no violence at the elections. Anti-slavery people won the elections. The Kansas government became controlled by anti-slavery people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Free-Staters Win Election|url=http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/free-staters-win-election|website=Civil War on the Western Border|publisher=[[Kansas City Public Library]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|date=April 22, 2013|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525063004/http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/free-staters-win-election|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 1858, Samuel Jones quit his job, and he left Kansas.<ref>Adams (1896), p. 276.</ref><ref name=tko>{{cite web|url=http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/%7Eimlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=bio_sketches/jones_sheriff|website=Territorial Kansas Online|access-date=May 2, 2018|title=Samuel J. Jones (Sheriff), ca.1820-ca.1880|date=n.d.|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005161736/http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=bio_sketches%2Fjones_sheriff|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 16, 1858, Lawrence became the [[county seat]] of Douglas County.<ref>Kansas Territory Legislature (1858), pp. 218{{en dash}}19.</ref><ref>Andreas (1883), p. 310.</ref> In February 1858, the Kansas government approved an anti-slavery charter for Lawrence. James Blood became the first [[mayor]] of Lawrence.<ref name=eb1911 /><ref name="Andreas 1883, p. 326">Andreas (1883), p. 326.</ref> The anti-slavery Kansas government met in Lawrence many times. In practice, Lawrence became the capital of Kansas from 1858 until 1861.<ref name=eb1911 />

=== American Civil War and Kansas becoming a state ===
[[File:Battle of Lawrence.png|thumb|Lawrence during [[Quantrill's Raid]]]]
[[File:Lawrence massacre ruins.jpg|right|thumb|Lawrence after Quantrill's Raid]]
{{See also|Lawrence Massacre}}
On October 4, 1859, the people of Kansas voted to approve the [[Wyandotte Constitution]].<ref name=Adoption /> There were 10,421 "yes" votes and 5,530 "no" votes.<ref name=Adoption /> The United States Congress approved the Wyandotte Constitution. Kansas became a free state on January 29, 1861.<ref name="Adoption">{{cite web|url=http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/kansas-constitutions/16532|title=Kansas Constitutions|website=KSHS.org|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|access-date=July 6, 2018|archive-date=November 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105164826/http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/kansas-constitutions/16532|url-status=live}}</ref> Pro-slavery people in Kansas knew they had lost. Kansas becoming a free state ended [[Bleeding Kansas]]. However, the [[American Civil War]] began around the same time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wyandotte Constitution|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/wyandotte-constitution/13884|website=Kansapedia|publisher=[[Kansas State Historical Society]]|access-date=April 27, 2018|date=April 2010|archive-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428180952/https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/wyandotte-constitution/13884|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the war, many [[Jayhawker]]s stayed in Lawrence. These Jayhawkers went to Missouri. They stole items and burned farms there. Many people in the Confederacy believed that the stolen items were in Lawrence.<ref>Drago (1998), pp. 4{{en dash}}5.</ref> On August 21, 1863, a pro-slavery man named [[William Quantrill]] rode into Lawrence with some men. They destroyed much of the town. They killed every adult man they saw. More than 150 men and boys died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper/hns/kansas/quantril.html|title=William Quantrill and the Lawrence Massacre|work=xroads.virginia.edu|access-date=July 31, 2010|archive-date=June 24, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624104256/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/HNS/Kansas/quantril.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There was 2,000,000 [[United States dollar|dollars]] [[wikt:worth|worth]] of property destroyed.<ref name=biennialreport /> The Plymouth Congregational Church was not destroyed, but many of its people died.<ref name="Plymouth-History">{{cite web|last=Sellen|first=Al|url=http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/|title=A Brief Outline of Plymouth's History|publisher=Plymouth Congregational Church|access-date=September 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528051934/http://www.plymouthlawrence.com/who/history/|archive-date=May 28, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This attack is known as the [[Lawrence massacre]].

After [[Quantrill's Raid]], the people and Union soldiers rebuilt the city.<ref>Cordley (1895), pp. 251{{en dash}}56.</ref> It was not easy because the winter was very cold. They continued rebuilding until they finished in 1864.<ref>Cordley (1895), pp. 253{{en dash}}54, 256.</ref> While they were rebuilding, the people of Lawrence were afraid of another attack.<ref>Cordley (1895), p. 254.</ref> The military [[Mount Oread Civil War posts|built some camps]] in Lawrence to guard the city, but no more attacks happened. After the Civil War, the camps were closed and removed.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pollard, Jr|first1=William C.|title=Kansas Forts During the Civil War|url=http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html|website=Kansas History|access-date=May 29, 2018|year=1992|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403212357/http://www.vlib.us/old_west/forts1865.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bisel and Martin (2013).</ref>

=== After the Civil War ===
[[File:Massachusetts Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 38 miles west of Missouri River. (Boston Public Library) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Massachusetts Street in 1867]]
{{See also|History of the University of Kansas}}
There was a plan to build a university in Kansas in 1855, but it did not happen until Kansas became a state in 1861.<ref name="Cutler KU">Andreas (1883), pp. 324–25.</ref> The Kansas government needed to decide where to build the university. Their choices were [[Manhattan, Kansas|Manhattan]], [[Emporia, Kansas|Emporia]], or Lawrence. On January 13, 1863, [[Kansas State University]] was built in Manhattan.<ref name="Frontier">{{cite book | last = Olson | first = Kevin | title = Frontier Manhattan | publisher = University Press of Kansas | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0-7006-1832-3}}</ref> However, the Kansas government decided to build another one. The only cities left where a university could be built were Emporia and Lawrence. Amos A. Lawrence gave $10,000 and more than 40 [[acre]]s (160,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) of land for a university in Lawrence. The Kansas government liked that, so the government chose Lawrence. The University of Kansas opened in 1866.<ref name="Cutler KU" />

[[File:Overlooking Lawerence and the Kansas River. (Boston Public Library) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Old North College, the first building on KU Campus, 1867.|left]]
In 1864, Lawrence got its first [[railroad]]. It connected Lawrence to Kansas City. The first [[train]] to go to Lawrence went on November 28, 1864.<ref name="KSHS Railroad timeline">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/railroads-in-kansas/15120|access-date=May 25, 2019|title=Railroads in Kansas|author=Kansas Historical Society|date=January 2010|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215160044/https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/railroads-in-kansas/15120|archive-date=December 15, 2018}} Kansas Historical Society's timeline of railroads in Kansas.</ref> The first train to cross the Kansas River crossed it in Lawrence on November 1, 1867.<ref name="KSHS 1st rail">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/p/the-building-of-the-first-kansas-railroad/13060|access-date=May 25, 2019|title=The Building of the First Kansas Railroad|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|date=August 1947|author=Harold J. Henderson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216133627/https://www.kshs.org/p/the-building-of-the-first-kansas-railroad/13060|archive-date=December 16, 2018}} The Kansas Historical Quarterly, August 1947 (Vol. 15, No. 3), pages 225-239.</ref>

[[File:Windmill, Lawrence, Kansas.jpg|thumb|The windmill two years before it was destroyed, 1903.]]
In the early 1870s, Lawrence needed more [[electricity]]. The city asked Orlando Darling to build a [[dam]] on the Kansas River. Darling became angry because it took a long time to build a dam, so he stopped. The Lawrence Land & Water Company finished building the dam in 1873. The dam made Lawrence special because few cities had a dam. The dam closed in 1968, but the city reopened it in 1977. They wanted to build a new city hall next to the dam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bowersockpower.com/about/our-history |title=Our History |website=Bowersockpower.com |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609020344/http://www.bowersockpower.com/about/our-history |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the dam helps prevent [[flood]]ing.

In 1863, the first [[windmill]] in Kansas was built in Lawrence.<ref name="KS Windmill1">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1980autumn_peterson.pdf|title=The Lawrence Windmill|date=Fall 1980|author=John M. Peterson|newspaper=Kansas History, Vol. 3, No. 3, pg. 147 – Autumn 1980|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-date=2018-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805020930/https://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1980autumn_peterson.pdf|url-status=live}} John Peterson's 1980 article about the windmill and its history.</ref> It burned during Quantrill's Raid. In 1864, people rebuilt it. It cost them $9,700.<ref name="KS Windmill2">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/km/items/view/304788|title=Old windmill in Lawrence, Kansas|access-date=May 24, 2019|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524225740/https://www.kshs.org/km/items/view/304788|url-status=live}} Some info about the windmill.</ref> People used it until July 1895. On April 30, 1905, the windmill burned, and it was not rebuilt.<ref name="KS Windmill1" />

In 1884, a school for [[Native American]]s was built in Lawrence. It was named the United States Industrial Training School. Boys learned [[farming]], [[blacksmith]]ing, and more. Girls learned cooking and [[homemaker|homemaking]]. In 1887, the name changed to the Haskell Institute. It was named after Dudley Haskell, a state legislator who helped make sure the school was built in Lawrence. In 1993, it was renamed the Haskell Indian Nations University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |title=HINU &#124; About Haskell |website=Haskell.edu |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023340/http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |archive-date=May 18, 2012 }}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Watkins Museum.JPG|thumb|Watkins Community Museum]]
In 1888, Jabez B. Watkins opened the Watkins National Bank at 11th Street and Massachusetts Street. It closed in 1929. The building was given to the city to become the [[city hall]]. In 1970, Lawrence built a new city hall, so the building became a [[museum]]. It was called the [[Watkins Community Museum]], and it opened in 1975.<ref name="Watkinsmuseum.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.watkinsmuseum.org/building.shtml |title=The Watkins Building &#124; Douglas County Kansas |website=WatkinsMuseum.org |date=April 14, 2011 |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=July 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710190620/http://www.watkinsmuseum.org/building.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1903, the Kansas River [[flood]]ed, which did a lot of damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/flood-of-1903/17221 |title=Flood of 1903 – Kansapedia – Kansas Historical Society |website=KSHS.org |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506005236/http://kshs.org/kansapedia/flood-of-1903/17221 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LawrenceDary">Dary, David. ''Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas: An Informal History''. Lawrence: Allen Press, 1981.</ref> The water was {{convert|27|ft|abbr=off}} high. The damage in North Lawrence was very bad. Lawrence was hit by other floods [[Great Flood of 1951|in 1951]],<ref>{{cite web |first1=Kyle E. |last1=Juracek |first2=Charles A. |last2=Perry |first3=James E. |last3=Putnam |url=http://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fact-sheets/fs.041-01.html |title=USGS – The 1951 Floods in Kansas Revisited |website=KS.Water.USGS.gov |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716200517/http://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fact-sheets/fs.041-01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> when the water was 30 feet high. It was hit again in 1993.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://lawrenceks.org/pds/floodplain_hazard |title=The Local Flood Hazard &#124; City of Lawrence, KS – Planning & Development Services |website=LawrenceKS.org |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=December 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212234851/http://www.lawrenceks.org/pds/floodplain_hazard |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the damage was not very bad because of the [[reservoir]] and a [[levee]].<ref name="auto" />

In 1903, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] came to Lawrence. He gave a short [[speech]], and he [[wikt:dedicate|dedicated]] a [[fountain]] at 9th & New Hampshire Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/southpark |title=South Park &#124; City of Lawrence, Kansas – Parks and Recreation |website=LawrenceKS.org |date=August 31, 1910 |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904150840/http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/southpark |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1910, Roosevelt came to Lawrence again after visiting [[Osawatomie, Kansas|Osawatomie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-theodore-roosevelt-s-osawatomie-speech/13176 |title=Kansas Historical Quarterly – Theodore Roosevelt's Osawatomie Speech – Kansas Historical Society |website=KSHS.org |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=May 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514020023/http://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-theodore-roosevelt-s-osawatomie-speech/13176 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1871, the Lawrence Street Railway Company was created. It made it easy for people to go to [[hotel]]s and [[business]]es on Massachusetts Street. They had the first [[streetcar]] in Lawrence. [[Horse]]s and [[mule]]s pulled the streetcar. They could be used only on Massachusetts Street. After the 1903 flood, the Kansas River Bridge had to be rebuilt. It was not safe for streetcars to go on the bridge. The Lawrence Street Railway Company closed in 1903. In 1902, C. L. Rutter tried to start a bus system. He failed. In 1907, he tried again. In 1909, a new streetcar system was built which caused Rutter's buses to close. The streetcar system stayed until 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.lawrence.com/project/community/transportation/transportation.html |title=History of Lawrence, Kansas |website=History.Lawrence.com |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203215248/http://history.lawrence.com/project/community/transportation/transportation.html |archive-date=December 3, 2008 }}</ref> In 1909, the streetcar company made a [[roller coaster]]. It was called "Casey's Coaster." Some people called it "Daisy's Dozer." It was made out of wood. It stayed until the 1920s.<ref name="LJ-W roller coaster1">{{cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/lawrence-daily-world-jul-09-1909-p-1/|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|date=July 9, 1909|title=WILL PUT UP FERRIS WHEEL|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524223323/https://newspaperarchive.com/lawrence-daily-world-jul-09-1909-p-1/|url-status=live}} pg.1, top-right column.</ref><ref name="LJWorld roller coaster">{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2010/mar/28/daisy-dozers-day-lore-surrounding-bygone-roller-co/|title=The Daisy Dozer's Day|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|location=Lawrence, KS|author=Phil Cauthon|date=March 28, 2010|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524224823/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2010/mar/28/daisy-dozers-day-lore-surrounding-bygone-roller-co/|archive-date=May 24, 2019|url-status=live}} Lawrence Journal-World, mentioning the coaster.</ref>

In 1921, the Lawrence Memorial Hospital opened with 50 [[bed]]s. By 1980, it had 200 beds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmh.org/aboutus/history.jsp |title=Lawrence Memorial Hospital – History |website=LMH.org |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809054706/https://www.lmh.org/aboutus/history.jsp |archive-date=August 9, 2012 }}</ref> It has won many awards for good quality care and service.<ref name="LMH quality">{{cite web|url=https://www.lmh.org/qualitymatters/qualityrecognition/index.html |title=Hospital Quality Awards |publisher=Lawrence Memorial Hospital |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312073137/https://www.lmh.org/qualitymatters/qualityrecognition/index.html |archive-date=March 12, 2013 }}</ref>

In 1929, Lawrence had its 75th birthday. To celebrate, a [[boulder|big rock]] was placed. It is called "Founder's Rock" to remember the early settlers who came to Lawrence from the New England Emigrant Aid Company.<ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19290919&id=Hn1YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oEMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6926,5251632|title=Lawrence Journal-World – Google News Archive Search|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134617/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19290919&id=Hn1YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oEMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6926,5251632|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 14, 1929, they opened the [[Lawrence Municipal Airport]] to the public.<ref name="LawrenceDary" />

[[File:Downtown Lawrence.JPG|right|thumb|Downtown Lawrence]]
In 1943, during [[World War II]], the United States government brought [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] to Lawrence. They were mostly [[German people|German]] and [[Italy#People and culture|Italian people]]. The government brought them because farmers needed more workers. They were forced to live in [[Concentration camp|camps]] which were like [[prison]]s. Lawrence's camp was near 11th Street and Haskell Avenue. The camp closed in 1945.<ref>[http://www.gentracer.org/powcampsKS.html List of Prisoner Of War (POW) Camps in Kansas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113141954/http://www.gentracer.org/powcampsKS.html |date=2010-11-13 }}, Genealogy Tracer</ref>

In 1983, a famous movie, ''[[The Day After]]'', was filmed in Lawrence. The movie is about a fictional [[nuclear war]] between the United States and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallout from 'The Day After' |url=http://www.lawrence.com/news/2003/nov/19/fallout_from/ |publisher=[[Lawrence Journal-World]] |location=Lawrence, KS |access-date=June 27, 2012 |first=Jon |last=Niccum |date=November 19, 2003 |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415223440/http://www.lawrence.com/news/2003/nov/19/fallout_from/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1989, the Lawrence Free State Brewing Company opened on Massachusetts Street. It was the first [[brewery]] in Kansas in over 100 years.<ref name="freestatebrewing">{{cite web|url=http://freestatebrewing.com/about|title=The Story of The Free State Brewing Co. &#124;&nbsp;Free State Brewing Company|website=FreeStateBrewing.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=April 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414222942/http://freestatebrewing.com/about|url-status=dead}}</ref> The brewery is also a [[restaurant]].

In 2007, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' said Lawrence was one of the best places to [[retirement|retire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/best-places-to-retire/articles/2007/09/20/best-places-to-retire-lawrence-kansas|title=Best Places to Retire: Lawrence, KS|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2011-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822230747/http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/best-places-to-retire/articles/2007/09/20/best-places-to-retire-lawrence-kansas|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, ''Parents & Colleges'' said Lawrence was one of the 10 best college towns in the United States.<ref name="ku">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.ku.edu/2011/january/6/parentscolleges.shtml|title=Lawrence again named a top 10 college town – KU News|website=www.news.ku.edu|publisher=[[University of Kansas]]|location=Lawrence, KS|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215744/http://www.news.ku.edu/2011/january/6/parentscolleges.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Clinton State Park.jpg|thumb|[[Clinton Lake (Kansas)|Clinton Lake]]]]
[[File:Haskell-Baker Wetlands.tif|thumb|alt=Trees sit in a wetland|The [[Haskell-Baker Wetlands]] (2017)]]
Lawrence is in northeastern Kansas. It is about {{convert|25|mi|abbr=off}} east of [[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka]] and {{convert|35|mi|abbr=off}} west of [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. The tallest place in Lawrence is Mount Oread at the University of Kansas, which is {{convert|1020|ft|m|abbr=off}} tall.<ref>{{cite book | contribution = Mount Oread | title = Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. | editor-last = Blackmar | editor-first = Frank W. | volume = 2 | page = 330 | place = [[Chicago]] | publisher = Standard | year = 1912 | contribution-url = http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1912/m/mount_oread.html | access-date = 2019-05-14 | archive-date = 2013-06-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609214126/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1912/m/mount_oread.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = TopoQuest Map Viewer | publisher = TopoQuest | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=38.95860&lon=-95.24428&datum=nad27&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=l | access-date = June 16, 2011 | archive-date = November 25, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111125210321/http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=38.95860&lon=-95.24428&datum=nad27&zoom=2&map=auto&coord=d&mode=zoomin&size=l | url-status = live }}</ref>

Lawrence is on the southern part of the [[Dissected Till Plains]]. To the south are the [[Osage Plains]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Geography | work = Geohydrology of Douglas County | publisher = Kansas Geological Survey | date = Dec 1960 | url = http://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/Geology/Douglas/geog01.html | access-date = June 16, 2011 | archive-date = September 26, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213507/http://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/Geology/Douglas/geog01.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=KDOT>{{cite web | title = 2003–2004 Official Transportation Map | publisher = [[Kansas Department of Transportation]] | year = 2003 | url = http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/HistoricStateMaps/2003-04Mapside.pdf | access-date = June 15, 2011 | archive-date = June 14, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110614151512/http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/HistoricStateMaps/2003-04Mapside.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] says that the city has a total area of {{convert|34.98|sqmi|sqkm|2|abbr=off}}. Of that, {{convert|34.15|sqmi|sqkm|2|abbr=off}} is land and {{convert|0.83|sqmi|sqkm|2|abbr=off}} is water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_20.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=November 21, 2023}}</ref>

Lawrence is between the [[Kansas River]] and the [[Wakarusa River]]. Many [[creek]]s flow through Lawrence. The Wakarusa River was [[dam]]med to create [[Clinton Lake (Kansas)|Clinton Lake]]. The University of Kansas has a small lake called Potter's Lake. The [[Haskell-Baker Wetlands]] is a big area with [[wetland]]s, plants, [[trail]]s, and more. They are supported by Haskell University and [[Baker University]]. The wetlands are southeast of Lawrence.<ref name= CityMap>{{cite web | title = City of Lawrence | publisher = [[Kansas Department of Transportation]] | date = January 2011 | url = http://www.ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/city-pdf/lawrence.PDF | access-date = June 16, 2011 | archive-date = December 18, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101218132242/http://ksdot.org/burtransplan/maps/city-pdf/lawrence.PDF | url-status = live }}</ref>

Lawrence has 54 parks, [[Cemetery|cemeteries]], and community parks.<ref name="lawrenceks parks1">{{cite web|url=https://lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/|publisher=City of Lawrence|title=Parks & Trails|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121055303/https://lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/|archive-date=November 21, 2018}} LawrenceKS – Parks & Trails.</ref> The community parks are South Park, Buford Watson Park, Broken Arrow Park, Riverfront Park, Holcomb Park, "Dad" Perry Park, Centennial Park and Prairie Park. Cemeteries include [[Oak Hill Cemetery (Lawrence, Kansas)|Oak Hill]], Maple Grove and Memorial Park.<ref name="lawrenceks3">{{cite web|url=http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325142700/http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |title=Parks & Trails · City of Lawrence, Kansas |access-date=November 10, 2014 }}</ref> Pioneer Cemetery is a cemetery that has some of the earliest people from Lawrence. It was created in 1854.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/may/26/pioneer_cemetery_preserves/|title=Pioneer Cemetery preserves history, prepares for future|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|location=Lawrence, KS|date=May 26, 2003|author=Terry Rombeck|access-date=July 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705174915/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/may/26/pioneer_cemetery_preserves/|archive-date=July 5, 2019}}</ref> It is at the University of Kansas.

=== Climate ===
Lawrence has a [[humid]] [[continental climate]] ([[Köppen]] ''Dfa''), so it has hot and humid summers, with cold and dry winters.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Peel | first1 = M. C. | last2 = Finlayson | first2 = B. L. | last3 = McMahon | first3 = T. A. | date = March 1, 2007 | title = Updated Köppen-Geiger climate classification map | journal = Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | issue = 4 | pages = 439–473 | url = http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf | access-date = January 25, 2012 | archive-date = August 28, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190828045342/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/2007/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|112|°F}} on August 11, 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FoBYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vUMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3708%2C2050490|title=Humidity Teams Up With 112 Degrees and It's Hot|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|date=August 11, 1934|access-date=April 24, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031152029/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FoBYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vUMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3708%2C2050490|url-status=live}}</ref> The lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|−24.5|°F}} on February 12, 1899.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ue9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f0INAAAAIBAJ&pg=5819%2C4674908|title=Record Breaking Weather|newspaper=The Lawrence Gazette|date=February 16, 1899|location=Lawrence, KS|access-date=April 24, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031152032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ue9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f0INAAAAIBAJ&pg=5819%2C4674908|url-status=live}}</ref>

Every year, it gets {{convert|39.9|in|sigfig=3}} of [[precipitation]] on average.<ref name=NOAA /> Most of it happens during the summer.
{{Weather box |location = Lawrence, Kansas (1981–2010 normals)
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F =  73
| Feb record high F =  84
| Mar record high F =  91
| Apr record high F =  93
| May record high F =  102
| Jun record high F = 107
| Jul record high F = 113
| Aug record high F = 114
| Sep record high F = 108
| Oct record high F =  98
| Nov record high F =  84
| Dec record high F =  76
| year record high F= 111
| Jan high F = 38.5
| Feb high F = 44.3
| Mar high F = 54.8
| Apr high F = 64.6
| May high F = 74.4
| Jun high F = 83.4
| Jul high F = 88.6
| Aug high F = 87.8
| Sep high F = 79.0
| Oct high F = 67.5
| Nov high F = 53.8
| Dec high F = 40.6
| year high F= 64.8
| Jan low F = 18.3
| Feb low F = 22.0
| Mar low F = 31.5
| Apr low F = 42.6
| May low F = 54.1
| Jun low F = 63.5
| Jul low F = 68.4
| Aug low F = 66.2
| Sep low F = 56.9
| Oct low F = 45.4
| Nov low F = 32.7
| Dec low F = 21.5
| year low F= 43.6
| Jan record low F = −21
| Feb record low F = −25
| Mar record low F =  −7
| Apr record low F =  11
| May record low F =  31
| Jun record low F =  37
| Jul record low F =  47
| Aug record low F =  42
| Sep record low F =  24
| Oct record low F =  16
| Nov record low F =   2
| Dec record low F = −20
| year record low F= −21
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.98
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.41
| Mar precipitation inch = 2.71
| Apr precipitation inch = 4.06
| May precipitation inch = 5.36
| Jun precipitation inch = 5.88
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.14
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.05
| Sep precipitation inch = 4.20
| Oct precipitation inch = 3.35
| Nov precipitation inch = 2.20
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.60
| year precipitation inch=
| Jan snow inch = 3.8
| Feb snow inch = 4.3
| Mar snow inch = 0.8
| Apr snow inch = 0.2
| May snow inch = 0
| Jun snow inch = 0
| Jul snow inch = 0
| Aug snow inch = 0
| Sep snow inch = 0
| Oct snow inch = 0.2
| Nov snow inch = 0.9
| Dec snow inch = 3.2
| year snow inch=
| unit precipitation days=0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days =  5.2
| Feb precipitation days =  5.9
| Mar precipitation days =  7.9
| Apr precipitation days =  9.7
| May precipitation days = 11.3
| Jun precipitation days = 10.4
| Jul precipitation days =  8.7
| Aug precipitation days =  8.6
| Sep precipitation days =  8.4
| Oct precipitation days =  8.1
| Nov precipitation days =  6.6
| Dec precipitation days =  5.6
| year precipitation days=
| unit snow days= 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 2.2
| Feb snow days = 2.1
| Mar snow days = 0.5
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.8
| Dec snow days = 2.2
| year snow days= 8.0
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web
|url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00144559.normals.txt
|title = Station Name: KS LAWRENCE
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = May 16, 2013}}</ref> [[The Weather Channel]]<ref name="TWC">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/weather/monthly/l/52c5594330eb0864567080498e0102102322bb3929ed109cf6c13ce25d214f33|title=Lawrence, KS Monthly Weather Forecast|access-date=April 24, 2020|publisher=[[The Weather Channel]]|archive-date=October 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031152032/https://weather.com/weather/monthly/l/52c5594330eb0864567080498e0102102322bb3929ed109cf6c13ce25d214f33|url-status=live}}</ref>
| date=April 2012}}

== City design ==
[[File:Plymouth Church LawrenceKS.JPG|thumb|left|[[Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)|Plymouth Congregational Church]] in Lawrence]]
[[File:Ninth Street Baptist Church.JPG|thumb|upright|The Ninth Street Baptist Church in Old West Lawrence]]
=== Streets ===
The main street in Lawrence is called [[Massachusetts Street]]. Many early residents of Lawrence came because of the [[New England Emigrant Aid Company]] which was from [[Massachusetts]].<ref>Brackman (1997), p. 22.</ref> Streets that went north and south were named after US states in the order they became part of the country. Streets that go east and west were name after famous [[American Revolution|Revolutionary War]] [[hero]]es.<ref name="LOC HOF1">{{cite news|title=Chart of Lawrence|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82006863/1855-01-27/ed-1/seq-2/|newspaper=The Kansas herald of freedom. |location=Wakarusa, Kan. Territory|date= January 27, 1855|page=2|volume=1|issue=5|via=Library of Congress|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2019-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523163535/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82006863/1855-01-27/ed-1/seq-2/|url-status=live|editor=G. W. Brown}} Page 2, Section ''"Chart of Lawrence"'' (4th column, in the center).</ref> Over time, people broke the first rule. Some states were never used, and some states were put in the wrong order. In 1913, the east and west streets became numbered streets.<ref name="lawrenceks7">{{cite web|url=http://www.lawrenceks.org/documents/Ordinances/Ordinances-0900s/Ord973.pdf|date=November 9, 2006|title=Ordinance No 973 (manuscript)|author1=E. U. Bond (Mayor)|author2=R. D. Brooks (City Clerk)|access-date=November 15, 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828222332/http://www.lawrenceks.org/documents/Ordinances/Ordinances-0900s/Ord973.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Brian |title=What's In a (Street) Name? |url=http://www.tauycreek.com/2015/04/whats-in-street-name.html |website=Tauy Creek |access-date=July 9, 2018 |date=April 23, 2015 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709185412/http://www.tauycreek.com/2015/04/whats-in-street-name.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Neighborhoods ===
Lawrence is organized into [[neighborhood]]s. Some neighborhoods are close to downtown Lawrence like Old West Lawrence, North Lawrence, East Lawrence, Oread, Hancock and Pinckney. There are a few neighborhoods west of Iowa Street like Sunset Hills, Prairie Meadows, Deerfield, and Alvamar. Some neighborhoods are on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] like Old West Lawrence,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=41|title=Search|website=nrhp.focus.nps.gov|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2015-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506010518/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=41|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oread,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=42|title=Search|website=nrhp.focus.nps.gov}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hancock,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=26|title=Search|website=nrhp.focus.nps.gov|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2015-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505182648/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Breezedale,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=8|title=Search|website=nrhp.focus.nps.gov|access-date=2019-05-31|archive-date=2013-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220204606/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=8|url-status=dead}}</ref> and most of Rhode Island Street<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=37|title=Search|website=nrhp.focus.nps.gov}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=56|title=Search|website=nrhp.focus.nps.gov}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in East Lawrence.

==== North Lawrence ====
[[File:Lawrence Visitors Center.JPG|thumb|right|The Lawrence Visitors Center in North Lawrence.]]
North Lawrence is a neighborhood north of the Kansas River. It used to be its own place called Grant Township. It renamed itself North Lawrence in 1869. Lawrence claimed it in 1870.<ref name="Andreas 1883, p. 326" />

Northeast of North Lawrence, there was a popular park called Bismarck Grove.<ref name="ks bismarck">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-beautiful-bismarck/13197|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|access-date=May 25, 2019|title=Beautiful Bismarck|author=Jim L. Lewis|date=Autumn 1969|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808203005/https://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-beautiful-bismarck/13197|archive-date=August 8, 2018}} Kansas Historical Society's entry for Bismarck Grove. Autumn 1969 (Vol. 35, No. 3), pages 225 to 256.</ref> In the late 1800s, the park had [[picnic]]s, [[w:fair|fairs]], and [[Temperance movement|temperance]] meetings (meetings about getting rid of alcohol). The first meeting was in 1878. The park had its last fair in 1899. In 1900, the park closed and was sold.<ref name="ks bismarck" /><ref>Lewis (1969).</ref>

=== Architecture ===
There are many [[architecture]] styles in Lawrence.<ref name="Barker Survey">{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/preserve/pdfs/lawrence_barker_survey.pdf|title=Survey Report Barker Neighborhood Lawrence, Kansas|publisher=Keenoy Preservation|location=St. Louis, MO|date=2019|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216065555/https://www.kshs.org/preserve/pdfs/lawrence_barker_survey.pdf|archive-date=December 16, 2019}} This is just for the Barker neighborhood, and it lists Queen Anne, Italianate, National Folk, Folk Victorian, Colonial Revival, Dutch Colonial Revival, Mission, Tudor Revival, Gothic Revival, Craftsman Bungalow, Prairie, Minimal Traditional, Ranch, Split Level, Modern Movement, Post Modern, and Vernacular as architectural styles.</ref><ref name=livingplaces>{{cite web|url=https://www.livingplaces.com/KS/Douglas_County/Lawrence_City/Old_West_Lawrence_Historic_District.html|title=Old West Lawrence Historic District|publisher=LivingPlaces.com|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830065639/https://www.livingplaces.com/KS/Douglas_County/Lawrence_City/Old_West_Lawrence_Historic_District.html|archive-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref> Many early buildings were burned in Quantrill's Raid. Lawrence has [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]], [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]], [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], and other styles.<ref name="Barker Survey" /><ref name=livingplaces />

== People ==
{{US Census population
|1860= 1645
|1870= 8320
|1880= 8510
|1890= 9997
|1900= 10862
|1910= 12374
|1920= 12456
|1930= 13726
|1940= 14390
|1950= 23351
|1960= 32858
|1970= 45698
|1980= 52738
|1990= 65608
|2000= 80098
|2010= 87643
|2020= 94934
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/evaluation-estimates/2020-evaluation-estimates/2010s-cities-and-towns-total.html|title=City and Town Population Totals 2010-2020|author=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archive-date=June 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626070812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/technical-documentation/research/evaluation-estimates/2020-evaluation-estimates/2010s-cities-and-towns-total.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
===2020 census ===
In 2020, there were 94,934 people, 39,688 households, and 19,602 families living in Lawrence.<ref name="Census2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=160XX00US2038900|title=DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref><ref name="P16">{{cite web|title=P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDHC2020.P16?g=160XX00US2038900|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=December 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/weblogs/town_talk/2021/aug/12/census-releases-official-population-totals-douglas-county-5th-fastest-growing-county-in-state-metro-2nd-fastest-growing-in-kansas/|title=Town Talk &#124; Census stats: Lawrence still isn't a city of 100,000 people; Douglas County is 5th fastest growing county in state|date=August 12, 2021|author=Chad Lawhorn|publisher=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|location=Lawrence, KS|access-date=October 28, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029014253/https://www2.ljworld.com/weblogs/town_talk/2021/aug/12/census-releases-official-population-totals-douglas-county-5th-fastest-growing-county-in-state-metro-2nd-fastest-growing-in-kansas/|url-status=live}}</ref> 75.3% of the people were White, 5.3% were African American, 2.8% were Native American, 4.8% were Asian, 0.1% were Pacific Islander, 2.4% were from other races, and 9.3% were from two or more races. 7.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.<ref name="Census2020" />

17.8% of the people were under 18 years old. 23.1% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old. 28.0% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old. 18.5% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old. 12.6% were 65 years old or older. 50.8% of the people were female, and 49.2% of the people were male.<ref name="Census2020" />

=== 2010 census ===
In 2010, there were 87,643 people, 34,970 [[household]]s, and 16,939 families living in Lawrence.<ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 6, 2012|archive-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65WtHj6J5?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|url-status=live}}</ref> 82.0% of the people were White, 4.7% were African American, 3.1% were Native American, 4.5% were Asian, 0.1% were Pacific Islander, 1.5% were from other races, and 4.1% were from two or more races. 5.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.<ref name ="FactFinder" />

There were 34,970 households. 24.4% of them had children under 18 years old. 35.6% of them had married people. 8.8% had only a woman as the main person (with no man). 4% had only a man as the main person (with no woman). 51.6% were not families. 32% were people living alone, and 6.5% were people over 65 years old living alone.<ref name ="FactFinder" />

17.5% of the people were under 18 years old. 28.7% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old. 27.4% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old. 18.5% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old. 8% were 65 years old or older. 50.2% of the people were women, and 49.8% of the people were men.<ref name ="FactFinder" />

The [[Household income in the United States|median income for a household]] was $41,290. The median income for a family was $65,673. Men had a median income of $42,362. Women had a median income of $34,124. The [[per capita income]] was $23,666. About 10.7% of families and 23.4% of all people in Lawrence lived below the [[poverty line]]. This included 16.2% of children under 18 years old and 7.1% of people over 65 years old.<ref name="ACS2010">{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|title=American FactFinder|access-date=June 7, 2019|publisher=American Community Survey|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529192346/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html}}</ref><ref name=censusviewer>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/KS/Lawrence/2010|title=2010 Census Population of Lawrence, Kansas|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227083923/http://censusviewer.com/city/KS/Lawrence/2010|archive-date=February 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2000 census ===
In 2000, there were 80,098 people, 31,388 households, and 15,725 families living in Lawrence.<ref name=censusviewer2000>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/KS/Lawrence/2000|title=2000 Census Population of Lawrence, Kansas|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804201042/http://censusviewer.com/city/KS/Lawrence/2000|url-status=live}}</ref> 83.80% of the people were White, 5.09% were African American, 2.93% were Native American, 3.78% were Asian, 0.07% were Pacific Islander, 1.36% were from other races, and 2.97% were from two or more races. 3.65% of the people were Hispanic or Latino. 91% of the people spoke [[English language|English]] as their first language, 2.9% spoke [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as their first language, and 1% spoke [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]] as their first language.

There were 31,388 households. Of these, 25.1% had children under 18 years old. 38% had married people. 8.7% had only a woman as the main person (with no man). and 49.9% were not families. People living alone made up 30.6% of households, and 5.6% were people over 65 years old living alone. The [[average]] household size was 2.30. The average family size was 2.93.<ref name=censusviewer2000 />

By age, 18.6% of the people were under 18 years old. 30.7% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old. 28.5% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old. 15.1% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old. 7.2% were 65 years old or older. By gender, 50.6% of the people were women, and 49.4% of the people were men.<ref name=censusviewer2000 />

The [[median]] [[income]] for a household was $34,669. The median income for a family was $51,545. Men had a median income of $33,481. Women had a median income of $27,436. The per capita income was $19,378. About 7.3% of families and 18.9% of all people in Lawrence lived below the poverty line. This included 10.6% of children under 18 years old and 7.7% of people over 65 years old.<ref name=censusviewer2000 /> However, Lawrence has a lot of students, and students usually have lower incomes. Therefore, the number of people living in poverty is [[wikt:mislead|misleading]].<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/poverty/cb13-tps73.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801112834/http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/poverty/cb13-tps73.html |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |title=When Off-Campus College Students are Excluded, Poverty Rates Fall in Many College Towns – Poverty – Newsroom – U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=November 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="policyblognh">{{cite web|url=http://www.policyblognh.org/policy_blog_nh/2011/11/a-study-in-poverty-or-how-college-towns-skew-census-data.html|title=A study in poverty, or how college towns skew Census data – Policy Blog NH|publisher=policyblognh.org|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110233521/http://www.policyblognh.org/policy_blog_nh/2011/11/a-study-in-poverty-or-how-college-towns-skew-census-data.html|archive-date=November 10, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Much of Lawrence's economy is from the University of Kansas. The biggest private employer is [[Maximus Inc.]]{{Efn|"Pearson Government Solutions" came from [[Pearson PLC]]. They became "Vangent." [[General Dynamics]] bought Vangent in 2011. In 2018, Maximus bought the call center that General Dynamics owned.}}<ref name="mba-today1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mba-today.com/business/kansas-mba-employers.html#lawrence|title=Kansas Top Employers – KS Major Employers|website=MBA-Today.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=February 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205101551/http://www.mba-today.com/business/kansas-mba-employers.html#lawrence|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/weblogs/town_talk/2018/oct/10/large-east-hills-business-park-employer-to-be-sold-as-part-of-400-million-deal/|title=Large East Hills Business Park employer to be sold as part of $400 million deal|date=October 10, 2018|access-date=April 24, 2020|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal World]]|first=Chad|last=Lawhorn|archive-date=October 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001182803/https://www2.ljworld.com/weblogs/town_talk/2018/oct/10/large-east-hills-business-park-employer-to-be-sold-as-part-of-400-million-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other big employers are Lawrence Public Schools, [[Hallmark Cards]], the City of Lawrence, and Lawrence Memorial Hospital.<ref name="mba-today1" />

In the 1980s, Lawrence's economy grew. This is because the city created the East Hills Business Park in 1986. This is an [[industrial park]]. Some businesses moved to this place. Many of these businesses were from Kansas City, such as [[PROSOCO]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2002/jul/21/prosoco_sweeps_into/ | title=Prosoco Sweeps into "Alliance" | newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal World]] | first=Chad | last=Lawhorn | date=July 21, 2002 | access-date=April 21, 2015 | archive-date=April 12, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412114035/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2002/jul/21/prosoco_sweeps_into/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Historic places and museums ==
[[File:South Park Gazebo.JPG|thumb|right|upright|South Park gazebo]]
South Park is a big park in Downtown Lawrence. The park was made of four different parks, but they became just one big park.<ref name="lawrenceks1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/southpark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306100331/http://lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/southpark|title=South Park|website=LawrenceKS.org|archive-date=March 6, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> South Park was created in 1854. A [[gazebo]] was built in 1910. Bands play music at the park in the summer.<ref name="lawrenceks1" />

The Watkins Museum of History is one block north of South Park. It has [[exhibition|exhibits]] about Lawrence and Douglas County.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/about|title=About|publisher=Watkins Museum of History|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703210341/https://www.watkinsmuseum.org/about|archive-date=July 3, 2019}} The About page for the official website.</ref> Next to the museum is a Japanese garden made by [[sister city]] [[Hiratsuka, Kanagawa|Hiratsuka, Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomsfrontier.org/News/News-Releases/Detail.aspx?id=179|title=Watkins Museum of History announces Civil War on the Western Frontier 2014 programs|publisher=Freedom's Frontier|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702045935/http://www.freedomsfrontier.org/News/News-Releases/Detail.aspx?id=179|archive-date=July 2, 2017}} Mentions the Japanese garden next to the museum.</ref> The University of Kansas has the [[University of Kansas Natural History Museum|Natural History Museum]] in Dyche Hall,<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> the [[Spencer Museum of Art]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Spencer Museum of Art, Kansas University|url=http://www.pcf-p.com/a/p/1038/s.html|publisher=Pei Cobb Freed & Partners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114211752/http://www.pcf-p.com/a/p/1038/s.html|archive-date=November 14, 2015}}</ref> and the [[Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics|Dole Institute of Politics]] among others.<ref name="LJW Dole1">{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/jul/22/dole_dedication_draws/|title=Dole dedication draws thousands|author=Dave Toplikar|date=July 22, 2003|location=Lawrence, Kansas|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|access-date=May 27, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527175403/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2003/jul/22/dole_dedication_draws/|archive-date=May 27, 2019}} ''Lawrence Journal-World's'' article on the opening ceremony. Mentions things such as opening date, budget, location, etc.</ref>

Centennial Park was made in 1954 for Lawrence's 100th birthday.<ref name="lawrenceks4" /> The park has many hills, a [[skatepark]], a [[disc golf]] area, and a [[missile|Polaris missile]] from the [[Cold War]].<ref name="lawrenceks4">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/centennialpark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323093204/http://lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/centennialpark|title=Centennial Park|website=LawrenceKS.org|archive-date=March 23, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref>

The Bowersock Opera House burned in 1911, so people built a new one. It is called "Liberty Hall."<ref name="ljworld">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/jan/21/100-years-ago-new-bowersock-opera-house-opens-chee/|title=100 Years Ago: New Bowersock Opera House Opens to Cheering Public|website=LJWorld.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=November 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102031000/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/jan/21/100-years-ago-new-bowersock-opera-house-opens-chee/|url-status=live}}</ref> Liberty Hall is a small theater which often shows [[independent movie]]s, and sometimes live acts. Liberty Hall also has a [[video]] [[renting|rental]] store.<ref name="servlet">{{cite web |url=http://luna.ku.edu:8180/luna/servlet/detail/kuluna01kui~10~10~1598856~202964:Bowersock-Opera-House |title=Bowersock Opera House – From the Ground Up |website=Luna.KU.edu |access-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-date=November 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111011721/http://luna.ku.edu:8180/luna/servlet/detail/kuluna01kui~10~10~1598856~202964:Bowersock-Opera-House |url-status=live }}</ref> The Granada Theater was built in 1928 as a [[vaudeville]] theater. In 1934, it became a movie theater. It closed in 1989, but it was reopened in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegranada.com/about|title=The Granada - About|publisher=Wildman Web Solutions|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428201410/http://thegranada.com/about|url-status=live}}</ref> Today, it shows [[comedy]] acts and [[concert]]s.

[[File:The Eldridge Hotel.JPG|thumb|[[The Eldridge Hotel]]|left]]
[[The Eldridge Hotel]] is a historic [[hotel]]. It is one of the oldest buildings in Lawrence. It was built in 1854, but it was burned in 1855. It was rebuilt, but it was burned in Quantrill's Raid. It was built again. In 1925, the hotel was [[wikt:renovate|renovated]]. In 1970, the hotel became [[apartment]]s. In 1985, people worked to make it a hotel again. In 2004, the building was sold. It was changed to make it look like it was from 1925 again.<ref name="eldridgehotel">{{cite web|url=http://www.eldridgehotel.com/|title=History|website=EldridgeHotel.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=November 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110203303/http://eldridgehotel.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a popular rumor that the ghost of Eldridge [[haunted house|haunts]] the hotel.<ref name="eldridgehotel2">{{cite web |url=http://www.eldridgehotel.com/#About.Ghost |title=Ghost |website=EldridgeHotel.com |access-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-date=November 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110203303/http://eldridgehotel.com/#About.Ghost |url-status=live }}</ref> The Eldridge Hotel is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Eldridge House Hotel|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86003278|website=[[National Register of Historic Places]]|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=March 6, 2017|archive-date=August 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060911/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86003278|url-status=live}}</ref>

The University of Kansas (KU) has the Memorial Stadium and the Allen Fieldhouse. They built Memorial Stadium in 1920 for [[American football]] games. It is named to remember KU students who died in [[World War I]]. They built Allen Fieldhouse in 1955 for [[basketball]] games. On November 4, 2010, [[ESPN]]'s magazine said that Allen Fieldhouse was the loudest basketball stadium in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roundball Preview: No. 2 Ohio State vs. No. 13 Kansas |url=http://buckeyebanter.com/mens-basketball/14275 |website=BuckeyeBanter.com |access-date=March 25, 2012 |first=Matt |last=Barker |date=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623002830/http://buckeyebanter.com/mens-basketball/14275 |archive-date=June 23, 2012 }}</ref> Mark Whicker, a famous sports writer, said Allen Fieldhouse "...is the best place in America to watch college basketball."<ref>{{cite web|title=KU Facilities :: Allen Fieldhouse|url=http://www.kuathletics.com/facilities/kan-allen-fieldhouse.html|website=KUAthletics.com|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=March 25, 2012|year=2012|archive-date=March 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320100208/http://www.kuathletics.com/facilities/kan-allen-fieldhouse.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Oak Hill Cemetery (Lawrence, Kansas)|Oak Hill Cemetery]] is a [[cemetery]] in Lawrence for famous people from Lawrence.<ref name="lawrenceks2">{{cite web|url=http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/oakhillcemetery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416071144/https://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/oakhillcemetery|title=Oak Hill Cemetery|website=LawrenceKS.org|archive-date=April 16, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> It was built in 1866. Memorial Park Cemetery is across the street. It has a memorial for [[James Naismith]], the creator of [[basketball]].<ref name="lawrenceks6">{{cite web|url=http://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/memorialparkcemetery|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416010120/https://www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/parks/memorialparkcemetery|title=Memorial Park Cemetery|website=LawrenceKS.org|archive-date=April 16, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref>

Lawrence has many historic houses, and some of them are on the National Register of Historic Places. The Robert Miller House did not burn in Quantrill's Raid, and it was part of the [[Underground Railroad]].<ref name="image1">{{cite web|url=http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=/Text/84001235.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT) |title=National Register of Historic Places—Nomination Form |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503220305/http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=%2FText%2F84001235.djvu&style=nps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29 |website=Image1.NPS.gov |archive-date=May 3, 2015 |access-date=June 14, 2016 }}</ref> Ferdinand Fuller was one of the first people to move to Lawrence. He built his house in the Hillcrest Neighborhood.<ref name="ljworld2">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/mar/19/old-house-full-lawrence-history/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619162802/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/mar/19/old-house-full-lawrence-history/|title=This Old House Full of Lawrence History|website=LJWorld.com|archive-date=June 19, 2013|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> The John Roberts House is used for many [[formal]] events. John G. Haskell, a famous [[architect]] (someone who designs buildings), designed the John Roberts House.<ref name="image1a">{{cite web|url=http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=Text/74000831.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT),cat(Name)&page=0 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503225633/http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=Text%2F74000831.djvu&style=nps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29%2Ccat%28Name%29&page=0 |website=Image1.NPS.gov |archive-date=May 3, 2015 |access-date=June 14, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="castletearoom">{{cite web|url=http://www.castletearoom.com/about-the-castle/history-of-the-castle|title=History of The Castle – The Castle Tea Room|website=CastleTeaRoom.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=December 5, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205123844/http://www.castletearoom.com/about-the-castle/history-of-the-castle|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Arts and culture ==
Lawrence is known for a [[wikt:thrive|thriving]] music and art culture. ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said Lawrence is one of the best small college towns in the United States on August 11, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.durhamchamber.org/cms_resources/www.durhamchamber.org/pdfs/schoolsthatrock05rollingstone1.pdf |title=Schools that rock |access-date=April 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718220243/http://www.durhamchamber.org/cms_resources/www.durhamchamber.org/pdfs/schoolsthatrock05rollingstone1.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2011 }}</ref> In 2005, ''[[The New York Times]]'' said Lawrence had one of the best music cultures in any city between [[Chicago]] and [[Denver]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E3DE173DF936A15751C0A9639C8B63 | title=36 hours in Lawrence, Kan. | access-date=April 6, 2011 | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 25, 2005 | archive-date=November 11, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111080142/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E3DE173DF936A15751C0A9639C8B63 | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine said The Replay Lounge, a bar and [[music venue]] in Lawrence, was one of the best in the United States in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esquire.com/features/best-bars-in-america/bestbars2007#ks |title=Esquire's Best Bars in America |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |access-date=August 11, 2011 |date=May 21, 2007 |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811224452/http://www.esquire.com/features/best-bars-in-america/bestbars2007#ks |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Lawrence USA Downtown Office Hours.png|thumb|A brown bag concert in downtown Lawrence]]

The University of Kansas has the Lied Center of Kansas. It is a building that shows many [[Broadway]] [[Musical theater|musicals]]. They have had famous bands [[performance|perform]], including [[The Beach Boys]] and [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/looking-back-at-memorable-lied-center-performances/article_d17655ba-b6a7-11e8-9863-c7eee17d338a.html|title=Looking Back at 10 Memorable Lied Center Performances|access-date=July 3, 2019|publisher=[[The University Daily Kansan]]|location=Lawrence, KS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912213453/http://www.kansan.com/arts_and_culture/looking-back-at-memorable-lied-center-performances/article_d17655ba-b6a7-11e8-9863-c7eee17d338a.html|archive-date=September 12, 2018}} Article from the UDK about Beach Boys at the Lied Center.</ref>

In December 2005, the city said it would have "International Dadaism Month" in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assets.lawrenceks.org/assets/agendas/cc/2005/12-27-05/12-27-05H/dadaism_month_proclamation.html|title=Office of the Mayor|access-date=July 7, 2019|author=Dennis “Boog” Highberger|date=December 27, 2005|publisher=City of Lawrence|location=Lawrence, KS|archive-date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708013057/https://assets.lawrenceks.org/assets/agendas/cc/2005/12-27-05/12-27-05H/dadaism_month_proclamation.html|url-status=dead}} The official proclamation from the mayor.</ref> This was about [[Dadaism|the early 20th century art movement]]. In the spirit of Dada, Mayor Dennis “Boog” Highberger did not choose a calendar month for it. Instead, he chose the dates for the "Month" as February 4, March 28, April 1, July 15, August 2, August 7, August 16, August 26, September 18, September 22, October 1, October 17, and October 26. He chose these dates by rolling [[dice]] and pulling numbers out of a hat.<ref>{{cite web|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5077635|last=Werthheimer|first=Linda|title='International Dadaism Month' in Lawrence, Kansas|date=December 31, 2005|access-date=July 8, 2019|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118173649/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5077635|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/04/international-dadaism-mon_n_818584.html|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=February 4, 2011|title=International Dadaism Month Begins Today|access-date=July 8, 2019|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141312/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/04/international-dadaism-mon_n_818584.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival was an annual four-day [[music festival]] which began in 2004.<ref name="WMCF1" /> It was held at [[Clinton Lake (Kansas)|Clinton Lake]]. Thousands of people went to the festival every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/dec/10/wakarusa-music-and-camping-festival-leaving-lawren/|title=Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival leaving Lawrence for Arkansas|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|date=December 10, 2008|author=Chad Lawhorn|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708013058/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/dec/10/wakarusa-music-and-camping-festival-leaving-lawren/|url-status=live}}</ref> They had many different kinds of bands play, including [[The Flaming Lips]], [[Sound Tribe Sector Nine|STS9]], [[Wilco]], [[Matisyahu]], and [[North Mississippi Allstars]]. Because of an agreement with the state government, the event was smaller than other festivals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wakarusa Officials Reflect On Event|work=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/jun/24/wakarusa|date=June 24, 2005|access-date=April 8, 2007|archive-date=November 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101045847/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/jun/24/wakarusa/|url-status=live}}</ref> As well as listening to music, people could also play disc golf, do [[yoga]], go [[hiking]], and go [[human swimming|swimming]]. The festival moved to Mulberry Mountain, [[Arkansas]]. This happened because of a disagreement between the organizers and the [[Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks]] about the limits on the number of people and the rent.<ref name="WMCF1">{{cite news|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/aug/10/wakarusa_fest_may_not_play/|title=Wakarusa Fest may not play on|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|access-date=October 19, 2008|last=Lawhorn|first=Chad|date=August 10, 2008|archive-date=September 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910024413/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2008/aug/10/wakarusa_fest_may_not_play/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Every year since 1959, on the third Thursday in July, Lawrence has had the "Massachusetts Street sidewalk sale." It is a big [[Discounts and allowances|sale]] on Massachusetts Street. Many stores take part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2017/jul/19/58th-annual-downtown-lawrence-sidewalk-sale/|title=58th Annual Downtown Lawrence Sidewalk Sale to take place Thursday|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|date=July 19, 2017|access-date=June 12, 2019|last=Valverde|first=Rochelle|location=Lawrence, Kansas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403054606/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2017/jul/19/58th-annual-downtown-lawrence-sidewalk-sale/|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Often, radio stations and live music are played during this event.

== Sports ==
[[File:KUstudentsafter2008UNCwin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|People celebrating the Jayhawks win in 2008.]]
The University of Kansas sports teams are in Lawrence. They are called the [[Kansas Jayhawks|Jayhawks]]. The most famous team is the men's basketball team. Many people watch the [[Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball|men's basketball team]]. Many [[fanatic|fans]] came together on Massachusetts Street in 2002, 2003, 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.kusports.com/photos/galleries/2008/apr/07/fans_watch_championship_downtown_lawrence/|title=Fans celebrate championship in downtown Lawrence|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103105442/http://www2.kusports.com/photos/galleries/2008/apr/07/fans_watch_championship_downtown_lawrence/|archive-date=January 3, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/photos/galleries/2012/apr/01/ku-fans-celebrate-final-four-win/|title=KU fans celebrate Final Four win|date=April 1, 2012|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403170758/https://www2.ljworld.com/photos/galleries/2012/apr/01/ku-fans-celebrate-final-four-win/|archive-date=April 3, 2012|access-date=June 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This was when the Jayhawks won or lost the last games in the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournament]]. The Jayhawks won the 1952,<ref name="SN1952">{{cite journal|last=Gergen|first=Joe|title=Jayhawks give Allen his title – 1952|journal=Sporting News|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/ncaa/1952.html|access-date=May 27, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004190428/http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/ncaa/1952.html|archive-date=October 4, 2008}}</ref> 1988,<ref name="title">{{cite news|title=Ncaa Men's Basketball Championship: Kansas 83, Oklahoma 79: Notes; Title Brings Out a Big Celebration in Lawrence|work=Los Angeles Times|date=April 5, 1988|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-04-05/sports/sp-606_1_ncaa-basketball-championship|access-date=July 21, 2010|archive-date=January 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101215919/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-04-05/sports/sp-606_1_ncaa-basketball-championship|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2008 NCAA tournaments.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thamel|first=Pete|title=Chalmers and Kansas Are Swinging on a Star|work=The New York Times|date=April 9, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/sports/ncaabasketball/09men.html|access-date=July 22, 2010|archive-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411122914/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/sports/ncaabasketball/09men.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kansas Jayhawks football|KU's football]] team had their best year in 2007–2008. They won 12 games, and they lost only one game. That year, they won the [[Orange Bowl]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangino Receives Coach of the Year Honor|url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/120707/haw_223529744.shtml|newspaper=The Topeka Capital-Journal|date=December 7, 2007|access-date=September 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816021751/http://cjonline.com/stories/120707/haw_223529744.shtml#.WmJ9yainGUk|archive-date=2017-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/04/sports/04iht-college.1.9021681.html|title=Kansas beats Virginia Tech in Orange Bowl|date=January 4, 2008|access-date=May 30, 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530194939/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/04/sports/04iht-college.1.9021681.html|archive-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> The city [[honor]]ed the [[mascot]] in 2003 when the Lawrence Convention and Visitors Bureau created 30 [[statue]]s of the Jayhawk. They placed them around town. They called this event "Jayhawks on Parade."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/aug/19/what-are-those-birds-everywhere-jayhawks-parade/|title=What are those birds everywhere? Jayhawks on Parade|author=Adam Strunk|date=August 19, 2012|access-date=May 30, 2019|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530195921/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/aug/19/what-are-those-birds-everywhere-jayhawks-parade/|archive-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> The Jayhawks also have a [[soccer]] team, a [[baseball]] team, a [[softball]] team, [[track and field]] teams, a [[cross-country race|cross country]] team, and a men's club [[hockey]] team. KU also has a club [[Rugby football|rugby]] team. The KU Rugby Football Club runs it. They often meet at North Johnny's Tavern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2014/oct/11/lawhorns-lawrence-keeping-it-between-lines-rugby/|title=Keeping it between the lines with rugby|date=October 11, 2014|author=Chad Lawhorn|access-date=May 30, 2019|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216075352/https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2014/oct/11/lawhorns-lawrence-keeping-it-between-lines-rugby/|archive-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> They also run high school rugby teams.

== Government ==
[[File:Lawrence City Hall.JPG|thumb|right|City Hall]]
[[File:Douglas county kansas courthouse.jpg|thumb|right|The Douglas County courthouse.]]
A [[city commission government|city commission]] and city manager run Lawrence. Five people who are [[election|elected]] make up the commission. Every year, three people can be elected. The two people who get the most [[vote]]s are elected for four years. The person who gets 3rd place is elected for two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawrenceks.org/city_commission/|title=City Commission|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511235225/https://lawrenceks.org/city_commission/|archive-date=May 11, 2019}} Page explaining the basic process.</ref> Every April, the commission chooses a mayor and a vice mayor, and they hire a city manager.

Even though Kansas is a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] state, Lawrence often chooses the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] for [[President of the United States|president]]. Lawrence has been Democratic since the late 1980s. In the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]], Douglas County was one of two Kansas counties to choose [[John Kerry]]. In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Douglas County was one of three Kansas counties to choose [[Barack Obama]]. In the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]], Douglas County chose [[Hillary Clinton]]. It was one of only two Kansas counties to choose Hillary Clinton. In the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]], Douglas County chose [[Joe Biden]]. Douglas County chose the Democratic candidate in the last eight presidential elections.<ref>For election results, see– {{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1992&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=US Election Atlas|title=1992 Presidential General Election Data Graphs|editor=Leip, David|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118220457/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1992&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1996&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=US Election Atlas|title=1996 Presidential General Election Data Graphs|editor=Leip, David|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118200232/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=1996&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2000&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=US Election Atlas|title=2000 Presidential General Election Data Graphs|editor=Leip, David|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118201114/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2000&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2004&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=US Election Atlas|title=2004 Presidential General Election Data Graphs|editor=Leip, David|archive-date=November 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118204858/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2004&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://apps.douglascountyks.org/mycounty/voting-and-elections/docs/electionresults/electionresults_general_2008.pdf|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=[[Douglas County, KS]]|title=2008 General Election Results|year=2008|archive-date=August 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809024948/http://apps.douglascountyks.org/mycounty/voting-and-elections/docs/electionresults/electionresults_general_2008.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://apps.douglascountyks.org/mycounty/voting-and-elections/docs/electionresults/electionresults_general_2012.pdf|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=[[Douglas County, KS]]|title=2012 General Election Results|year=2012|archive-date=August 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808202900/http://apps.douglascountyks.org/mycounty/voting-and-elections/docs/electionresults/electionresults_general_2012.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://apps.douglascountyks.org/mycounty/voting-and-elections/docs/electionresults/electionresults_general_2016.pdf|access-date=August 8, 2018|publisher=[[Douglas County, KS]]|title=2016 General Election Results|year=2016|archive-date=August 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809025004/http://apps.douglascountyks.org/mycounty/voting-and-elections/docs/electionresults/electionresults_general_2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of February 2024, Lawrence has four [[Kansas House of Representatives|state representatives]]: Christina Haswood,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representative Christina Haswood|url=https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_haswood_christina_1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229214809/https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_haswood_christina_1/|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024|publisher=Kansas Legislature}}</ref> Mike Amyx,<ref>{{cite web|title=Representative Mike Amyx|url=https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_amyx_mike_1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229215132/https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_amyx_mike_1/|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024|publisher=Kansas Legislature}}</ref> Barbara Ballard,<ref>{{cite web|title=Representative Barbara Ballard|url=https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_ballard_barbara_1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928035332/http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_ballard_barbara_1/|archive-date=September 28, 2023|access-date=February 29, 2024|publisher=Kansas Legislature}}</ref> and Dennis "Boog" Highberger.<ref>{{cite web|title=Representative Dennis "Boog" Highberger|url=https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_highberger_dennis_1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229215816/https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/rep_highberger_dennis_1/|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024|publisher=Kansas Legislature}}</ref> All of them are Democrats. Lawrence has two [[Kansas Senate|state senators]]: Marci Francisco<ref>{{cite web|title=Senator Marci Francisco|url=https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/sen_francisco_marci_1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229220122/https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/sen_francisco_marci_1/|archive-date=February 29, 2024|access-date=February 29, 2024|publisher=Kansas Legislature}}</ref> and Tom Holland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senator Tom Holland|url=https://kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/sen_holland_tom_1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929055454/http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2023_24/members/sen_holland_tom_1/|archive-date=September 29, 2023|access-date=February 29, 2024|publisher=Kansas Legislature}}</ref> [[Tracey Mann]] represents Lawrence in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. [[Roger Marshall]] and [[Jerry Moran]] represent Lawrence in the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. All three of them are Republicans. Before 2002, Lawrence was part of the [[Kansas's 3rd congressional district|3rd district]]. This changed when Lawrence was split in both the 3rd and 2nd districts. From 2012 to 2022, all of Lawrence was in the [[Kansas's 2nd congressional district|2nd district]].<ref name="ljworld3">{{cite web|author=Rothschild, Scott|date=June 8, 2012|title=Voters Will See Big Changes from new Redistricting Plan|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/jun/08/voters-will-see-big-changes-new-redistricting-plan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016173208/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2012/jun/08/voters-will-see-big-changes-new-redistricting-plan/|archive-date=October 16, 2015|access-date=November 10, 2014|website=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]}}</ref> Since 2022, Lawrence is in the [[Kansas's 1st congressional district|1st district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2023|title=Lawrence’s new representative in Congress, Republican Tracey Mann, to be in town for listening tour|url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/state-region/2023/feb/01/lawrences-new-representative-in-congress-republican-tracey-mann-to-be-in-town-for-listening-tour/|access-date=February 29, 2024|website=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]}}</ref>

On May 4, 1995, Lawrence became the first city in Kansas that made [[discrimination]] against [[gay]] people illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qrd.org/qrd/usa/kansas/lawrence/simply.equal/1995/lawrence.makes.antigay.discrimination.illegal|title=May 4, 1995 Freedom Coalition Press Release|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=March 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311050919/http://www.qrd.org/qrd/usa/kansas/lawrence/simply.equal/1995/lawrence.makes.antigay.discrimination.illegal|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 4, 2011, Lawrence made discrimination against [[transgender]] people illegal.<ref name="Lawrence Ord 8672">{{cite web|url=https://lawrenceks-my.sharepoint.com/personal/webmaster_lawrenceks_org/_layouts/15/onedrive.aspx?id=%2Fpersonal%2Fwebmaster%5Flawrenceks%5Forg%2FDocuments%2Fwebsite%2FOrdinancesResolutions%2FOrdinances%2FOrdinances%2D8600s%2FOrd8672%2Epdf&parent=%2Fpersonal%2Fwebmaster%5Flawrenceks%5Forg%2FDocuments%2Fwebsite%2FOrdinancesResolutions%2FOrdinances%2FOrdinances%2D8600s&cid=e854bad2-d248-42cd-be2b-da0801d8bb1e|title=Ordinance No. 8672|publisher=City of Lawrence|access-date=May 24, 2019|date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=October 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031152039/https://login.microsoftonline.com/d27e980f-f122-480a-9ba9-5032f185971b/oauth2/authorize?client_id=00000003-0000-0ff1-ce00-000000000000&response_mode=form_post&protectedtoken=true&response_type=code%20id_token&resource=00000003-0000-0ff1-ce00-000000000000&scope=openid&nonce=4E1BEA2F31E4FE1210E33F313BBD53DFEBDD00210DD7495D-268B380DA2C03304AB1ADF55E9A83C40A362757B0881E73C685B647FB992AAF7&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flawrenceks-my.sharepoint.com%2F_forms%2Fdefault.aspx&state=OD0w&claims=%7B%22id_token%22%3A%7B%22xms_cc%22%3A%7B%22values%22%3A%5B%22CP1%22%5D%7D%7D%7D&wsucxt=1&cobrandid=11bd8083-87e0-41b5-bb78-0bc43c8a8e8a&client-request-id=d091fe9f-80a8-c000-6b44-04bc94efee1f&sso_reload=true|url-status=live}} Lawrence City Ordinance No. 8672, on anti-discrimination.</ref> Lawrence was the first city in Kansas to do this.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://6lawrence.com/news/local/lawrence-commissioners-support-transgender-as-protected-class/|title=Lawrence commissioners support transgender as protected class|author=Theresa Freed|date=September 27, 2011|publisher=6News Lawrence|location=Lawrence, KS|access-date=August 4, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430043846/https://6lawrence.com/news/local/lawrence-commissioners-support-transgender-as-protected-class/|archive-date=April 30, 2012}}</ref> In April 2005, there was a change to the Kansas Constitution which made [[same-sex marriage]] and [[civil union]]s for gay people illegal.<ref name=2005constitution /> Douglas County was the only county to vote against the change.<ref name=2005constitution>For election results, see section "2005 Election Information" and choose "2005 Constitutional Amendment Results by County (Excel)." on- {{cite web|url=http://www.kssos.org/elections/elections_statistics.html|title=Election Statistics|publisher=Kansas Secretary of State|access-date=June 6, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725233237/http://www.kssos.org/elections/elections_statistics.html|url-status=live}}
* To immediately download the results, see-http://www.kssos.org/elections/05elec/2005_Constitutional_Amendment_results_by_county.xls</ref> Lawrence created a [[Domestic partnership|domestic partner]] [[wikt:registry|registry]] on May 22, 2007. The registry gave unmarried couples —both same-sex and other-sex— some recognition by the city for legal reasons.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lawhorn|first=Chad|title=Domestic Partnership Registry Opens Today|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2007/aug/01/domestic_partnership_registry_opens_today/|access-date=February 18, 2014|newspaper=[[Lawrence Journal-World]]|date=August 1, 2007|archive-date=January 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101205815/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2007/aug/01/domestic_partnership_registry_opens_today/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:US-KS-Lawrence--2008-01-12-T-04-42-P-um-al.jpg|thumb|New York Street Elementary School in Lawrence]]
=== Primary and secondary education ===
Lawrence has 14 [[primary school|elementary schools]], four [[middle school]]s, and two [[high school]]s. The high schools are [[Lawrence High School (Kansas)|Lawrence High School]] and Lawrence Free State High School. The middle schools are Liberty Memorial Central Middle School, West Middle School, Billy Mills Middle School and Southwest Middle School. The elementary schools are Langston Hughes Elementary, Quail Run Elementary, Broken Arrow Elementary, Cordley Elementary, Hillcrest Elementary, Kennedy, Pinckney Elementary, Prairie Park Elementary, New York Elementary, Schwegler Elementary, Sunflower Elementary, Sunset Hill Elementary, Woodlawn Elementary, and Deerfield Elementary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usd497.org/domain/5788|title=Schools & Services Directory|access-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301063256/https://www.usd497.org/domain/5788|archive-date=March 1, 2019}} List of schools in USD 497.</ref>

=== Colleges and Universities ===
[[File:KUStrongHallJayhawkMarch2006.jpg|thumb|left|Strong Hall on the KU Campus]]
The University of Kansas is in Lawrence. It is the biggest university in Kansas and has over 30,000 students.<ref name="ku3">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.ku.edu/2008/september/25/enroll.shtml|title=KU News – KU enrollment breaks 30,000; sets records in minority enrollment, ACT scores|publisher=news.ku.edu|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=December 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224180315/http://www.news.ku.edu/2008/september/25/enroll.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has more than 170 [[Discipline (study)|fields of study]]. It is a part of the [[Big 12 Conference]], a famous college sports organization. The [[Haskell Indian Nations University]] is also in Lawrence. It has more than 1,000 students.<ref name="About Haskell">{{cite web|url=http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |title=About Haskell |publisher=Haskell.edu |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518023340/http://www.haskell.edu/about.html |archive-date=2012-05-18 }}</ref> It gives free [[tuition payments|tuition]] to all Native American students. It also has the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame, and the Haskell Cultural Center.

In 2010, [[MSN]], [[MSNBC]], and the American Institute for Economic Research said Lawrence was one of the best college towns in the United States.<ref name="ku" /> In 2011, ''Parents & Colleges'' said Lawrence was one of the 10 best college towns in the United States.<ref name="ku" />

=== Libraries ===
[[File:Lawrence Public Library entrance.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Lawrence Public Library]] (2014)]]
The first [[library]] in Lawrence was built in 1854.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Library History|url=http://www.lawrence.lib.ks.us/renovation-construction/test-page-2/|website=Lawrence Public Library|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929045245/http://www.lawrence.lib.ks.us/renovation-construction/test-page-2/|archive-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref> It was burned in Quantrill's Raid. A new library was built in 1865. In 1902, [[Andrew Carnegie]] gave a lot of money to build a new library. Built it in 1904, and it was called the "[[Lawrence Public Library]]." A new library was built in 1972. In July 2014, the design changed.<ref name="ljworld4">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2014/jul/26/new-librarys-grand-opening-dazzles-eager-readers/|title=New Lawrence Library's Grand Opening Dazzles Eager Readers|website=LJWorld.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=August 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822083447/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2014/jul/26/new-librarys-grand-opening-dazzles-eager-readers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the library won an award for the building's beauty.<ref>{{cite news|title=2016 AIA/ALA Library Building Award winners announced|url=http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2016/05/2016-aiaala-library-building-award-winners-announced|access-date=29 September 2017|agency=American Library Association|publisher=ALAnews|date=May 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231302/http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2016/05/2016-aiaala-library-building-award-winners-announced|archive-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref>

== Media ==
[[File:Lawrence Journal-World.JPG|thumb|The ''[[Lawrence Journal-World]]'' offices before they moved in May 2019. This building was used as a [[post office]].]]
One of the first businesses started in Lawrence was a [[newspaper]] called the ''Herald of Freedom''. It started in October 1854 and ended in 1859.<ref name="Kansas Herald of Freedom">{{cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82006863/|title=About the Kansas Herald of Freedom|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=2019-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523163553/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82006863/|url-status=live}} Brief overview of Kansas Herald of Freedom</ref> In August 1885, the newspaper the Lawrence ''Daily Journal'' started<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84029603/|title=About Lawrence daily journal. (Lawrence, Kan.) 1885–1911|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=July 6, 2019|archive-date=July 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706155547/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84029603/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in June 1895, the ''Daily World'' started.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84029613/|title=About Lawrence daily world. (Lawrence, Kan.) 1895–1911|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=July 6, 2019|archive-date=July 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706155542/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84029613/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1911, they joined together, and became the ''[[Lawrence Journal-World]]''.<ref name="100years">(13 December 1991). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Qv9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-TgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5411,4300065&dq=lawrence-world+founded&hl=en A 100-Year Newspaper Tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714015455/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Qv9WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-TgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5411,4300065&dq=lawrence-world+founded&hl=en |date=2017-07-14 }}, ''Lawrence Journal-World''</ref><ref name="ljworldcombo">(20 Feb 1911). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WopYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_EMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5030%2C2492 "Journal-World, The Combination"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714015614/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WopYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_EMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5030%2C2492 |date=2017-07-14 }}</ref> There is also a [[student newspaper]] published by the University of Kansas. It is called the ''[[University Daily Kansan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansan.com/site/about.html|title=About Us – The University Daily Kansan: Site|website=Kansan.com|access-date=2016-03-15|archive-date=2019-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331083521/http://www.kansan.com/site/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Change of Heart (street paper)|Change of Heart]]'' is a [[street newspaper]] sold by [[homelessness|homeless people]] in Lawrence.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kansas.com/2014/05/02/3429386/in-lawrence-paper-aims-to-change.html |title=In Lawrence, paper aims to change view of homeless|date=May 2, 2014|author=Giles Bruce|newspaper=The Wichita Eagle|location=Wichita, KS |access-date=2014-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503033837/http://www.kansas.com/2014/05/02/3429386/in-lawrence-paper-aims-to-change.html |archive-date=2014-05-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Lawrence mostly gets [[television]] shows from Kansas City, but people can get them from Topeka, too.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kansas TV Markets | publisher = EchoStar Knowledge Base |url=http://dishuser.org/TVMarkets/Maps/kansas.gif | access-date = June 15, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000406/http://dishuser.org/TVMarkets/Maps/kansas.gif | archive-date = July 26, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

From 1947 to 1981, the [[Centron Corporation]] was in Lawrence. The Centron Corporation was a big movie company which made many big industrial and educational movies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Centron Films Camera|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/centron-films-camera/10288|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150108/https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/centron-films-camera/10288|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="KU Oldfather1">{{cite web|url=https://kuinfo.ku.edu/what-oldfather-studios|title=What is in Oldfather Studios?|date=September 3, 2003|publisher=[[University of Kansas]]|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523174005/https://kuinfo.ku.edu/what-oldfather-studios|archive-date=May 23, 2019}} University of Kansas – Oldfather Studios.</ref> Two students from the University of Kansas started the company. Some residents of Lawrence were able to get into the movie industry through Centron. One resident, [[Herk Harvey]], worked at Centron for over 30 years as a [[Movie director|director]].<ref name="KUbio">{{cite web|url=http://etext.ku.edu/view?docId=ksrlead/ksrl.kc.harveyherk.xml;route=ksrlead;query=|title=Papers of Herk Harvey|publisher=University of Kansas|access-date=July 6, 2019|archive-date=July 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706165759/http://etext.ku.edu/view?docId=ksrlead%2Fksrl.kc.harveyherk.xml%3Broute%3Dksrlead%3Bquery%3D|url-status=dead}}</ref> He created a full-length theatrical movie, ''[[Carnival of Souls]]'', a [[Horror film|horror]] [[cult movie]] shot mostly in Lawrence, and released in 1962.<ref name="LA Times1">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-19-ca-2117-story.html|access-date=May 23, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165838/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-19-ca-2117-story.html|archive-date=May 23, 2019|title=The Reincarnation of 'Carnival of Souls'|newspaper=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tronc]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date=April 19, 1990}} ''The LA Times''.</ref>

=== Newspaper ===
Lawrence has the ''[[Lawrence Journal-World]]'', a local newspaper that publishes every day. Many people also get the University of Kansas student newspaper, ''[[The University Daily Kansan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobileplaza.ku.edu/university-daily-kansan|title=The University Daily Kansan - Mobile Plaza|website=ku.edu|date=August 5, 2012|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226222237/https://mobileplaza.ku.edu/university-daily-kansan|url-status=live}} It reaches an audience of about 12,000 people.</ref>

=== Radio ===
These [[radio]] stations are in Lawrence, Kansas:

'''AM'''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="1"
|+ align=bottom |
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Frequency'''
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Callsign'''<ref>{{cite web|title=AMQ AM Radio Database Query |publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |url=http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/amq.html |access-date=September 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825063614/http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/amq.html |archive-date=August 25, 2009 }}</ref>
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Format'''<ref name=Arbitron>{{cite web | title = Station Information Profile | publisher = Arbitron | url = http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/station_information.htm | access-date = September 18, 2009 | archive-date = March 19, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060319201903/http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/station_information.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Notes'''
|-
|1320||KLWN||News/Talk||
|-
|}

'''FM'''
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="1"
|+ align=bottom |
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Frequency'''
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Callsign'''<ref>{{cite web|title=FMQ FM Radio Database Query |publisher=[[Federal Communications Commission]] |url=http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/fmq.html |access-date=2009-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825071957/http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/fmq.html |archive-date=August 25, 2009 }}</ref>
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Format'''<ref name=Arbitron />
! style="background:#fcc;"| '''Notes'''
|-
|90.7||KJHK||[[Campus radio|Student radio]], [[Sports]], [[News]], Alternative||
|-
|91.1||KCIU||[[Christian radio]]||
|-
|91.5||KANU||Kansas Public Radio ([[NPR]])||
|-
|92.9||KMXN||[[Country music|Country]]||
|-
|96.1||K241AR||[[Christian radio]]||Air1
|-
|101.7||KLWN||News/Talk||
|-
|105.9||KKSW||[[Top 40]]||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
These [[television]] stations are in Lawrence, Kansas:

{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1"
|+ align=bottom |
! style="background:#ccf;"| '''Digital Channel'''
! style="background:#ccf;"| '''Analog Channel'''
! style="background:#ccf;"| '''Callsign'''<ref>{{cite web | title = TVQ TV Database Query | publisher = [[Federal Communications Commission]] |url=http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/audio/tvq.html | access-date = 2009-09-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508022231/http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/audio/tvq.html | archive-date = May 8, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
! style="background:#ccf;"| '''Network'''
! style="background:#ccf;"| '''Notes'''
|-
|-
|31||31 ||KUJH-LP||Student-run television for the [[University of Kansas]]||
|-
|32||N/A||[[Midco]] Sports Network||Local sports network. It shows high school sports and college news meetings.||
|}

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transportation ===
[[File:U.S. 40 and 59 bridges from above.jpg|thumb|The [[U.S. Route 40|U.S. 40]] and [[U.S. Route 59|59]] Bridges on the Kansas River]]
[[File:Lawrence Amtrack Station June 3 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Lawrence station (Kansas)|Amtrak station in Lawrence]]]]
[[File:1073 Santa Fe Train.JPG|thumb|A [[train]] in Watson Park.]]
[[Interstate 70]], [[U.S. Route 40]], [[U.S. Route 59]], and [[U.S. Route 24]] go through Lawrence. Interstate 70 goes east-west in the northern part of Lawrence and [[interchange (road)|connects]] with U.S. Route 59. Route 59 goes north-south along North 2nd Street, Iowa Street, and 6th Street. U.S. Route 40 is about two miles south of Interstate 70. It also goes east-west through northern Lawrence along 6th Street. K-10 is a state highway that goes east-west. It enters Lawrence on 23rd Street, then it goes south. It goes to west Lawrence, and it stops northwest of Lawrence.<ref name="CityMap" />

Two bus systems are in Lawrence. One is called the [[Lawrence Transit]], and the city runs it. The other is called KU on Wheels, and the University of Kansas runs it.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us |publisher=[[Lawrence Transit]] |url=http://www.lawrencetransit.org/about.shtml |access-date=June 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051213/http://www.lawrencetransit.org/about.shtml |archive-date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref> There are 18 bus routes.<ref>{{cite web | title = Route Map | publisher = [[Lawrence Transit]] | url = http://www.lawrencetransit.org/pdf/route-map.pdf | access-date = June 17, 2011 | archive-date = March 25, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120325193705/http://www.lawrencetransit.org/pdf/route-map.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> KU students and teachers can use them for free.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fares & Bus Passes |publisher=KU on Wheels |url=http://www.kuonwheels.ku.edu/~kuwheels/k/fares.shtml |access-date=June 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003102639/http://www.kuonwheels.ku.edu/~kuwheels/k/fares.shtml |archive-date=October 3, 2011 }}</ref> [[Greyhound Lines]] has a bus stop in Lawrence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Locations : States : Kansas |publisher=[[Greyhound Lines]] |url=http://www.greyhound.com/en/locations/locations.aspx?state=ks |access-date=June 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712212231/http://www.greyhound.com/en/locations/locations.aspx?state=ks |archive-date=July 12, 2011 }}</ref> It can take people to other cities. Also, the [[Johnson County, Kansas]] bus system can take students to and from the colleges in Lawrence and [[Overland Park, Kansas|Overland Park]]. This bus is known as the "K-10 Connector."<ref name="The JO">{{cite web|title=The Jo Routes|url=http://www.thejo.com/routes/710.shtml|publisher=Johnson County Transportation|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=August 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814065519/http://thejo.com/routes/710.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Lawrence Municipal Airport]] is northeast of Lawrence. It is very close to U.S. Route 40. It is used for people who have airplanes. No airplane companies have planes there.<ref>{{cite web | title = KLWC – Lawrence Municipal Airport | publisher = AirNav.com | url = http://www.airnav.com/airport/KLWC | access-date = June 17, 2011 | archive-date = June 4, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202029/http://www.airnav.com/airport/KLWC | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Kansas City International Airport]] is the closest airport that airplane companies use. It is about 50 miles northeast of downtown Lawrence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel |publisher=Lawrence Convention & Visitors Bureau |url=http://www.visitlawrence.com/travel |access-date=June 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613063528/http://www.visitlawrence.com/travel |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref>

Two [[Class I railroad]]s go through Lawrence.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | title = Kansas Operating Division | publisher = [[BNSF Railway]] | date = April 1, 2009 |url=http://www.bnsf.com/customers/pdf/maps/div_ks.pdf | access-date = June 17, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325001559/http://www.bnsf.com/customers/pdf/maps/div_ks.pdf | archive-date = March 25, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> One railroad is owned by [[Union Pacific Railroad]]. The other is owned by [[BNSF Railway]].<ref name="auto1" /> The BNSF Railroad track starts in the eastern part of Lawrence, and it goes west. It follows the path of the Kansas River. The Union Pacific track also starts in eastern Lawrence and goes west.<ref name="CityMap" /> It also follows the path of the Kansas River. It is north of the Kansas River. The BNSF railroad track is south of the Kansas River. There is an [[Lawrence station (Kansas)|Amtrak station]] in Lawrence, very close to downtown.<ref>{{cite web | title = Lawrence, KS (LRC) | publisher = [[Amtrak]] | url = http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=am2Station&pagename=am%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&cid=1229726268821 | access-date = June 17, 2011 | archive-date = July 16, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716045336/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=am2Station&pagename=am%2Fam2Station%2FStation_Page&cid=1229726268821 | url-status = live }}</ref> Lawrence is a stop on Amtrak's ''"[[Southwest Chief]]"'' route from [[Chicago]] to [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Southwest Chief | publisher = [[Amtrak]] | url = http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=AM_Route_C&pagename=am%2FLayout&p=1237405732511&cid=1241245650447 | access-date = June 17, 2011 | archive-date = July 15, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715224119/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?c=AM_Route_C&pagename=am%2FLayout&p=1237405732511&cid=1241245650447 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Health and Utilities ===
Lawrence has one [[hospital]], the Lawrence Memorial Hospital.<ref name="LMH">{{cite web|url=https://www.lmh.org/about-us/|title=About US|publisher=Lawrence Memorial Hospital|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=May 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523230346/https://www.lmh.org/about-us/|url-status=live}} Lawrence Memorial Hospital – About Us.</ref> It has won awards for good care and quality.<ref name="LMH quality" />

The biggest [[electric company]] in Lawrence is [[Evergy|Westar Electric]]. The biggest gas company is [[Black Hills Energy]].<ref name="LawrenceKS Utilities">{{cite web|url=https://lawrenceks.org/utility-billing/other_utilities/|title=Other Utilities|publisher=City of Lawrence|access-date=May 23, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524000726/https://lawrenceks.org/utility-billing/other_utilities/|url-status=live}} City of Lawrence Utilities.</ref> Lawrence has television providers including [[Midco]] and [[DirecTV]].<ref name="LawrenceKS Utilities" /> Lawrence has [[Internet service provider]]s including Midco, Wicked Broadband, [[CenturyLink]], [[HughesNet]], Allconnect, ViaSat Satellite, [[Exede]], and Wild Blue Internet.<ref name="LawrenceKS Utilities" /> Lawrence has telephone providers including [[Verizon]],<ref name="Verizon1">{{cite web|url=https://www.verizonwireless.com/stores/kansas/lawrence/lawrence-201248/|title=Verizon Wireless at Lawrence KS|publisher=Verizon Wireless|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817041142/http://www.verizonwireless.com/stores/kansas/lawrence/lawrence-201248/|archive-date=August 17, 2016}} Verizon in Lawrence, Kansas.</ref> [[AT&T]],<ref name="LawrenceKS Utilities" /> [[Sprint Corporation|Sprint]],<ref name="Sprint1">{{cite web|url=https://www.sprint.com/content/dam/sprint/campaigns/network/407830-2018_LTE_Advanced_PR_Announcement_11.18_v6.1.pdf|title=LTE Advanced|publisher=Sprint|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531223424/https://www.sprint.com/content/dam/sprint/campaigns/network/407830-2018_LTE_Advanced_PR_Announcement_11.18_v6.1.pdf|url-status=live}} List of Cities that Sprint is in. Page 2, under Kansas.</ref> and Midco.<ref name="LawrenceKS Utilities" />

== Sister cities ==
Lawrence has three [[Twin town|sister cities]] through Sister Cities International:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lawrenceks.org/boards/sister-cities/|publisher=City of Lawrence|title=Sister Cities Lawrence|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701061442/https://lawrenceks.org/boards/sister-cities/|archive-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Germany}} [[Eutin]], [[Germany]] – October 27, 1989
* {{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Hiratsuka, Kanagawa|Hiratsuka]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Japan]] – September 21, 1990
* {{flagdeco|Greece}} [[Oiniades]], [[Greece]] – October 20, 2009

== Notable people ==
[[File:Bob Dole, PCCWW photo portrait.JPG|thumb|[[Bob Dole]] was the [[U.S. Senate Majority Leader]] and [[1996 United States presidential election|1996 Presidential]] nominee.]]
{{Main|List of people from Lawrence, Kansas}}
{{See also|List of University of Kansas people}}
{{See also|Haskell Indian Nations University#Famous alumni}}

[[Langston Hughes]] was a [[poet]] who grew up in Lawrence while his grandmother took care of him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kshs.org/kansapedia/langston-hughes/15506|title=Langston Hughes|website=kshs.org|publisher=Kansas State Historical Society|date=June 2010|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809022155/https://kshs.org/kansapedia/langston-hughes/15506|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Alan Mulally]], former [[CEO]] of [[Ford]], grew up in Lawrence. He was a member of the [[Plymouth Congregational Church (Lawrence, Kansas)|Plymouth Congregational Church]].<ref name="ST-20060607-guiding">{{cite news|last=Tu|first=Janet I.|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060607&slug=daleobit07m|title=The Rev. Dale Turner dies: "a very gentle guiding hand"|newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]|access-date=2010-09-27|date=2006-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027025503/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060607&slug=daleobit07m|archive-date=October 27, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> [[George Docking]], former [[Governor of Kansas]], went to school in Lawrence and to the University of Kansas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/george-docking/17122|title=George Docking|website=kshs.org|publisher=Kansas State Historical Society|date=June 2011|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=October 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001084832/https://kshs.org/kansapedia/george-docking/17122|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Danny Manning]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player and college basketball coach, went to school in Lawrence and at the University of Kansas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kshof.org/inductees/2-kansas-sports-hall-of-fame/inductees/182-manning-danny.html|title=Kansas Sports Hall of Fame – Manning, Danny|website=www.kshof.org|access-date=September 24, 2018|archive-date=September 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065121/http://www.kshof.org/inductees/2-kansas-sports-hall-of-fame/inductees/182-manning-danny.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Federal judge [[Sri Srinivasan]] also went to school in Lawrence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sri-srinivasan-goes-from-basketball-court-to-appeals-court/2013/05/26/51954076-c63a-11e2-9245-773c0123c027_story.html|title=Sri Srinivasan goes from basketball court to appeals court|author=Michael Doyle|date=May 26, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706002551/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sri-srinivasan-goes-from-basketball-court-to-appeals-court/2013/05/26/51954076-c63a-11e2-9245-773c0123c027_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some very famous people came to Lawrence to study at the University of Kansas. [[Wilt Chamberlain]] played for the Jayhawks basketball team before he joined the [[Harlem Globetrotters]].<ref name="lazenby">{{cite web|last=Lazenby |first=Roland |title=Big Norman |url=http://www.hoopshype.com/articles/wilt_lazenby.htm |date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=January 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103050341/http://www.hoopshype.com/articles/wilt_lazenby.htm |archive-date=January 3, 2008}}</ref> [[James Naismith]], the inventor of [[basketball]], was the Jayhawks's first basketball coach.<ref name=hofsummary>{{cite web|last=Dodd|first=Hellen Naismith|date=January 6, 1959|title=James Naismith's Resume|work=Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|url=http://hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html|access-date = September 30, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119053704/http://www.hoophall.com/history/naismith-resume.html|archive-date=November 19, 2007}}</ref> [[Bob Dole]], former [[U.S. Senate Majority Leader]] and [[1996 United States presidential election|1996 Republican Presidential]] nominee, studied at the University of Kansas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/bob-dole/16876|title=Bob Dole|website=kshs.org|publisher=Kansas State Historical Society|date=April 2011|access-date=August 4, 2020|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927014843/https://kshs.org/kansapedia/bob-dole/16876|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics|Dole Institute]] is in Lawrence because of him. Many different governors studied there including [[Jane Dee Hull]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=2e16ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD |title=Governor's Information – Arizona Governor Jane Dee Hull |access-date=April 20, 2009 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006101538/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=2e16ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD |archive-date=October 6, 2008 }}</ref> the first female [[Governor of Arizona]], [[Kathleen Sebelius]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kathleen-sebelius/|title=#25 Kathleen Sebelius|date=2013|work=Forbes|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001124015/https://www.forbes.com/profile/kathleen-sebelius/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sam Brownback]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Carla|title=Candidate Profile Sam Brownback|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/candidate-profile-sam-brownback/|website=CBS News|date=August 22, 2007|access-date=June 10, 2017|archive-date=July 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703014536/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/candidate-profile-sam-brownback/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Alf Landon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Alf Landon legacy |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/040603/our_landon.shtml |access-date=2008-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063823/http://cjonline.com/stories/040603/our_landon.shtml |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>  Other famous students include [[Juan Manuel Santos]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Colombian president to visit KU Sept. 24|url=http://archive.news.ku.edu/2012/september/4/santos.shtml|publisher=[[University of Kansas]]|access-date=5 July 2013|location=Lawrence, KS|date=4 September 2012|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032628/http://archive.news.ku.edu/2012/september/4/santos.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[President of Colombia]] and 2016 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner; [[Brian McClendon]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/dec/21/lawrence_pinpointed_center_google_earth | title=Lawrence pinpointed as center of Google Earth | work=Lawrence Journal World | date=December 21, 2005 | access-date=August 4, 2020 | archive-date=April 11, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411032830/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/dec/21/lawrence_pinpointed_center_google_earth/ | url-status=live }}</ref> the creator of [[Google Earth]]; [[Clyde Tombaugh]],<ref name="Academy">{{Cite web|title=A Man of Universal Wonder|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|date=2006-09-09|url=http://www.achievement.org/achiever/clyde-tombaugh/|access-date=2010-04-25|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174448/https://achievement.org/achiever/clyde-tombaugh/|url-status=live}}</ref> the man who discovered [[Pluto]]; [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald Evans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/ronald-e-evans/16434|title=Ronald E. Evans|website=kshs.org|publisher=Kansas State Historical Society|access-date=August 4, 2020|date=January 2011|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808181926/https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/ronald-e-evans/16434|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[NASA]] [[astronaut]] who went to the [[Moon]]; and [[Vernon L. Smith]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Vernon L. Smith – Autobiography |publisher=Nobelprize.org |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/smith-autobio.html |access-date=2008-04-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527000640/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2002/smith-bio.html|archive-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref> the winner of the 2002 [[Nobel Prize in Economics]].

== In popular culture ==
Lawrence was the [[Setting (narrative)|setting]] for many books by science fiction writer [[James E. Gunn|James Gunn]], including ''[[The Immortals (Gunn novel)|The Immortals]]'' (1964). The book was used for the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] television movie and TV series ''[[The Immortal (1970 TV series)|The Immortal]]'' (1969–1971).<ref name="publishersweekly.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-671-53486-8|title=Fiction Book Review: The Immortals by James Gunn, Author Pocket Books $21.95 (320p) ISBN 978-0-671-53486-8|website=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date=April 27, 2019|archive-date=February 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180128/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-671-53486-8|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 1983 television movie ''[[The Day After]]'' was set in Lawrence. Parts of the movie were filmed in the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niccum |first1=Jon |title=Fallout from 'The Day After' |url=http://www.lawrence.com/news/2003/nov/19/fallout_from/ |publisher=Lawrence.com |access-date=April 1, 2019 |date=November 19, 2003 |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415223440/http://www.lawrence.com/news/2003/nov/19/fallout_from/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sam and Dean Winchester, the main characters of the ''[[Supernatural (TV series)|Supernatural]]'' TV series, are from Lawrence. Lawrence was referenced many times in the show.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kripke, Eric|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/supernatural-burning-questions-38374.aspx|title=''Supernatural'': Your Burning Questions Answered!|access-date=September 30, 2009|work=[[TV Guide]]|date=October 12, 2006|archive-date=September 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930220545/http://www.tvguide.com/news/Supernatural-Burning-Questions-38374.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lawrence was destroyed in the 2006 TV Series ''[[Jericho (2006 TV series)|Jericho]]''.<ref name="ljworld6">{{cite web|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2006/aug/04/n_lawrence_looking_benefit_publicity_cbs_drama/|title=N. Lawrence looking to benefit from publicity for CBS drama / LJWorld.com|publisher=www2.ljworld.com|access-date=November 10, 2014|archive-date=September 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930075911/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2006/aug/04/n_lawrence_looking_benefit_publicity_cbs_drama/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Josh Ritter]], an American [[folk music|folk]] singer, has a song called ''Lawrence KS'' on the 2002 album ''[[Golden Age of Radio (album)|Golden Age of Radio]].'' [[Cross Canadian Ragweed]]'s 2007 album ''[[Mission California]]'' has a song entitled "Lawrence." A homeless family the band saw while visiting the town around [[Christmas]] [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2007/dec/07/mass_st_muse/|title=Mass. St. muse|publisher=LJ-World|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|date=December 7, 2007|author=Jon Niccum|location=Lawrence, KS|access-date=November 7, 2019|archive-date=June 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620052212/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2007/dec/07/mass_st_muse/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Lawrence is the normal starting place for the map program [[Google Earth]] (2005).<ref name="kansan" /> Brian McClendon chose the place.<ref name="kansan" /> McClendon graduated from the University of Kansas in 1986, and he was the director of engineering for Google Earth.{{Efn|Older versions of Google Earth have Lawrence as the normal starting place. Newer versions of the program start on Lawrence for the first time, but it starts on the user's own place when it is loaded again.}}<ref name="kansan">{{cite web|url=http://www.kansan.com/news/2006/jan/26/google/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110713134656/http://www.kansan.com/news/2006/jan/26/google/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 13, 2011 |title=Lawrence is the center of the world for more than Jayhawk fans &#124; Kansan.com |website=Kansan.com |access-date=November 10, 2014 }}</ref>

== Related pages ==
*[[Great Flood of 1951]]
*[[Jayhawker]]
*[[University of Kansas]]
*[[Haskell Indian Nations University]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book|editor-last=Adams|editor-first=F. G.|title=Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society|publisher=[[Kansas Historical Society|Kansas State Historical Society]]|volume=5|date=1896}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = A. T. Andreas| last = Andreas| first = Alfred Theodore| title = History of the State of Kansas| url = https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof00andr| date = 1883|location=[[Chicago, IL]]|chapter=Douglas County|pages=308{{en dash}}363}}
* {{cite book|last1=Armitage|first1=Katie|last2=Lee|first2=John|title=19th Century Houses in Lawrence, Kansas|date=1992|publisher=[[Spencer Museum of Art]]|location=Lawrence, KS}}
* {{cite book|author=Ball, Durwood|title=Army Regulars on the Western Frontier, 1848{{en dash}}1861|location=[[Norman, Oklahoma]]|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|title=The Civil War in Kansas: Ten Years of Turmoil|url=https://archive.org/details/civilwarinkansas0000bise|author=Bisel, Debra Goodrich|publisher=The History Press|date=2012|location=[[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, SC]]|isbn=978-1-60949-563-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bisel|first1=Debra Goodrich|last2=Martin|first2=Michelle M.|title=Kansas Forts & Bases: Sentinels on the Prairie|date=2013|publisher=The History Press|location=[[Charleston, SC]]|isbn=978-1-61423-868-3|chapter=Camp Ewing: 1864{{en dash}}1865}}
* {{cite book | title=Kansas Trivia | publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc. | author=Brackman, Barbara | year=1997 | isbn=978-1-4185-5381-4 }}
* {{cite journal|author=Childers, Christopher|date=March 2011|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.1.childers.html|title=Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay|journal=Civil War History|volume=57|issue=1|pages=48–70|doi=10.1353/cwh.2011.0009|s2cid=143148991 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|title=Lawrence (Kansas)|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lawrence_(Kansas)|year=1911|access-date=June 2, 2018|via=Wikisource|volume=16|editor=Chisholm, Hugh}}
* {{cite book|title=A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans|author=Connelley, William|date=1918|publisher=Lewis Publishing Company|location=[[Chicago, IL]]|volume=1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Connelley|first1=William|title=John Brown in Kansas|publisher=Crane and Company|location=[[Topeka, Kansas|Topeka, KS]]|date=2018|orig-year=1900|isbn=978-1-387-36513-5}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cordley|first1=Richard|title=A History of Lawrence: From the Earliest Settlement to the Close of The Rebellion|date=1895|url=https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/439845/|location=Lawrence, KS|publisher=E. F. Caldwell}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press]]| isbn = 978-0-8032-6612-4| last = Drago| first = Harry Sinclair| title = Outlaws on Horseback: The History of the Organized Bands of Bank and Train Robbers who Terrorized the Prairie Towns of Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma for Half a Century| url = https://archive.org/details/outlawsonhorseba0000drag| date = 1998|location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Federal Highway Administration |title=U.S. Highway 59 from Lawrence to Ottawa in Douglas and Franklin Counties, KDOT Project No.59-106 K-6318-01 |date=2002 |volume=2|author1-link=Federal Highway Administration }}
* {{cite book|author=Fitzgerald, Daniel|title=Ghost Towns of Kansas|url=https://archive.org/details/ghosttownsofkans00fitz|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|location=[[Lawrence, KS]]|year=1988|chapter=Franklin|pages=73{{en dash}}77}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Study Area History and Contributions|chapter-url=http://www.freedomsfrontier.org/uploads/resources/Feasibility%20Study%20Ch2-Study%20Area%20History%20and%20Contributions.pdf|access-date=July 5, 2018|author=Freedom's Frontier|title=Feasibility Study|date=|archive-date=July 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731060839/http://freedomsfrontier.org/uploads/resources/Feasibility%20Study%20Ch2-Study%20Area%20History%20and%20Contributions.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|author=Gilman, A. F.|title=The Origin of the Republican Party |date=1914|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/tp/id/46379/show/46363|access-date=August 2, 2018|publisher=Ripon College|location=[[Ripon, Wisconsin]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Gilmore, Donald|title=Civil War on the Missouri-Kansas Border|date=2005|isbn=978-1-4556-0230-8|publisher=Pelican Publishing|location=[[Gretna, LA]]}}
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.kshs.org/p/the-university-of-kansas-and-the-sack-of-lawrence/13191|title=The University of Kansas and the Sack of Lawrence: A Problem of Intellectual Honesty|year=1968|volume=34|issue=4|pages=409{{en dash}}426|author=Griffin, C. S.|journal=Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains}}
* {{cite book|title=First Biennial Report of the State Board of Agriculture to the Legislature of the State of Kansas, for the years 1877-8|publisher=[[State of Kansas]]|location=Topeka, Kansas|volume=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX45AQAAMAAJ|author=[[State of Kansas|Kansas State Board of Agriculture]]|date=1878}}
* {{cite web|title=The Statutes of the Territory of Kansas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lABFAQAAMAAJ&dq=lawrence+county+seat+douglas+county+lecompton&pg=PA218|access-date=April 27, 2018|date=January 16, 1858|author=Kansas Territory Legislature}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains|url=http://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-beautiful-bismarck/13197|access-date=August 8, 2018|author=Lewis, Jim|volume=35|issue=3|year=1969|title=Beautiful Bismarck: Bismarck Grove, Lawrence, 1878–1900}}
* {{cite book|author=Lincoln, Abraham|title=Speeches and Writings 1832–1858: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings: the Lincoln-Douglas Debates|date=1989|publisher=Library of America|location=[[New York City, NY]]|isbn=978-0-940450-43-1}}
* {{cite book|title='Bleeding Kansas': The Border War in Douglas and Adjacent Counties|author=Litteer, Leron|date=1987|publisher=Champion Publishing|location=[[Baldwin City, KS]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Monaghan, Jay|title=Civil War on the Western Border, 1854{{en dash}}1865|location=[[Lincoln, NE]]|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|year=1984}}
* {{citation|author=Nelson, Lynn|title=North Lawrence, Kansas: A Brief History|year=1995|via=Kansas Collection|access-date=August 5, 2018|url=http://www.kancoll.org/books/north_lawrence/text.html}}.
* {{cite book|title=Soil of Our Souls|author1=Parker, Martha|author2=Laird, Betty|publisher=Parker-Laird Enterprises|year=1976|pages=146{{endash}}162|chapter=Lone Star}}
* {{cite book|title=United States Congressional serial set, Issue 7985|date=1922|author=[[United States Congress]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nq83AQAAIAAJ&dq=lawrence+in+rebellion+Robert+J.+Walker+martial+law&pg=PA71|access-date=May 24, 2018}}
* {{cite book |last1=Whitfield |first1=Steve |title=Kansas Paper Money: An Illustrated History, 1854–1935 |date=2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=[[Jefferson, NC]] |isbn=978-0-7864-5426-6}}

== More reading ==
* ''History of Lawrence, Kansas: from the First Settlement to the close of the Rebellion''; [[Richard Cordley]]; E.F. Caldwell; 360 pages; 1895. <small>[https://archive.org/download/historyoflawrenc00cordrich/historyoflawrenc00cordrich.pdf (Download 20&nbsp;MB PDF eBook)]</small>
* ''The Englishman in Kansas; or, Squatter Life and Border Warfare''; T.H. Gladstone; Frederick law Olmstead; 328 pages; 1857. <small>[https://archive.org/details/englishmaninkans01glad (View full text)]</small>
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Lawrence (Kansas)|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lawrence (Kansas) |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Lawrence (Kansas) |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Lawrence (Kansas) |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Lawrence (Kansas) |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons category|Lawrence, Kansas}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lawrence (Kansas)|Lawrence, Kansas}}
* {{Official website|https://lawrenceks.org/}}
* [http://www.lawrencechamber.com/ Lawrence – Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.visitlawrence.com/ Lawrence – Visitor Center]
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ix4AEQmNN7wC ''Daily Record,''] Google news archive. <small>—PDFs for 998 issues, dating from 1889 through 1893.</small>
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=yDGX1xMBWXcC ''Daily World,''] Google news archive. <small>—PDFs for 1,062 issues, dating from 1892 through 1895.</small>
* [http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/lawrence.pdf Lawrence City Map], KDOT

{{Douglas County, Kansas}}
{{Kansas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1854 establishments in Kansas Territory]]
[[Category:Bleeding Kansas]]
[[Category:County seats in Kansas]]
[[Category:Lawrence, Kansas| ]]
[[Category:Oregon Trail]]
[[Category:Cities in Douglas County, Kansas]]