Umbriel (moon)
 Umbriel as seen by Voyager 2 in 1986 | |||||||||
| Discovery | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discovered by | William Lassell | ||||||||
| Discovery date | October 24, 1851 | ||||||||
| Designations | |||||||||
| Pronunciation | /ˈʌmbriəl/ UM-bree-əl[1] | ||||||||
| Uranus II | |||||||||
| Adjectives | Umbrielian | ||||||||
| Orbital characteristics[2] | |||||||||
| 266 000 km | |||||||||
| Eccentricity | 0.0039 | ||||||||
| 4.144 d | |||||||||
| Inclination | 0.128° (to Uranus's equator) | ||||||||
| Satellite of | Uranus | ||||||||
| Physical characteristics | |||||||||
Mean radius | 584.7 ± 2.8 km (0.092 Earths)[3] | ||||||||
| 4 296 000 km2 (0.008 Earths)[a] | |||||||||
| Volume | 837 300 000 km3 (0.0008 Earths)[b] | ||||||||
| Mass | 1.172 ± 0.135 × 1021 kg (2 × 10−4 Earths)[4] | ||||||||
Mean density | 1.39 ± 0.16 g/cm3[4] | ||||||||
| 0.2 m/s2 (~ 0.023 g)[c] | |||||||||
| 0.52 km/s[d] | |||||||||
| presumed synchronous[5] | |||||||||
| 0[5] | |||||||||
| Albedo |
| ||||||||
| |||||||||
| 14.5 (V-band, opposition)[8] | |||||||||
| Atmosphere | |||||||||
Surface pressure | zero | ||||||||
Umbriel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Ariel.
Name
[change | change source]The name "Umbriel" and the names of all four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by John Herschel in 1852 at the request of Lassell.[9] Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848. Umbriel is the 'dusky melancholy sprite' in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, and the name suggests the Latin umbra, shadow. The adjectival form of the name is Umbrielian.
It is also designated Uranus II.
Physical characteristics
[change | change source]So far the only close-up images of Umbriel are from the Voyager 2 probe, which made observations of the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. During the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.
Umbriel's surface is the darkest of the Uranian moons, and reflects only about half as much light as Ariel, Uranus' brightest moon. It has far more and bigger craters than do Ariel and Titania and is also the least geologically active.[10] It is mostly made of water ice, with the balance made up of silicate rock, and other ices such as methane. Methane can break down and form reddish-black organic compounds such as tholins when bombarded by high-energy particles.[11] Near-IR spectra of Ariel and Umbriel clearly show that water ice dominates the spectra of these objects.[12]
Craters
[change | change source]Craters on Umbriel are named after many different demons from various mythologies.
| Crater | Named after |
|---|---|
| Alberich | Alberich (Norse) |
| Fin | Fin (Danish) |
| Gob | Gob (Pagan) |
| Kanaloa | Kanaloa (Polynesian) |
| Malingee | Malingee (Australian Aboriginal mythology) |
| Minepa | Minepa (Makua people of Mozambique) |
| Peri | Peri (Persian) |
| Setibos | Setebos (Patagonian) |
| Skynd | Skynd (Danish) |
| Vuver | Vuver (Finnish) |
| Wokolo | Wokolo (Bambara people of West Africa) |
| Wunda | Wunda (Australian Aboriginal mythology) |
| Zlyden | Zlyden (Slavic) |
Other websites
[change | change source]- Umbriel Profile Archived 2009-08-26 at the Wayback Machine by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- William Lassell, Astronomical Journal 2 (1851) 70
- AN, 33 (1852) 257/258
- AN, 34 (1852) 325/326
- Uranus and moons Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine as seen by the VLT in August 2007
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ Surface area derived from the radius r : .
- ↑ Volume v derived from the radius r : .
- ↑ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r : .
- ↑ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r : .
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "Umbriel". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
- ↑ "Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
- ↑ Thomas, P. C. (1988). "Radii, shapes, and topography of the satellites of Uranus from limb coordinates". Icarus. 73 (3): 427–441. Bibcode:1988Icar...73..427T. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90054-1.
- ↑ Karkoschka, Erich (2001). "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope". Icarus. 151 (1): 51–68. Bibcode:2001Icar..151...51K. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6596.
- ↑ "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". NASA/JPL. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
- ↑ (in German) Beobachtungen der Uranus-Satelliten Adsabs.harvard.edu Retrieved on 06-01-07
- ↑ Arnett, William A. (Aug 25, 2006). "Umbriel". The Nine Planets. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ↑ Overbye, Roger (April 1986). "Voyager was on target again; in the latest unmanned triumph, Voyager 2 surveyed Uranus and sent back a real bull's-eye". Discover. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
- ↑ Dumas, Christophe; Smith, Bradford A.; Terrile, Richard J. (2003). "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (2003) (2): 1080–1085. doi:10.1086/375909. S2CID 122085744.[permanent dead link]
| Moons | Ariel · Belinda · Bianca · Caliban · Cordelia · Cressida · Cupid · Desdemona · Ferdinand · Francisco · Juliet · Mab · Margaret · Miranda · Oberon · Ophelia · Perdita · Portia · Prospero · Puck · Rosalind · Setebos · Stephano · Sycorax · Titania · Trinculo · Umbriel Other: Arieal features · Miranda features · Puck Craters · Umbriel craters Miranda's Verona Rupes · Umbriel Crater Wunda |  |
|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||
| Discovery | ||
| Exploration | ||
| Other | ||