Alexander Alekhine
| Alexander Alekhine | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Full name | Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine |
| Country | Russia, France |
| World Champion | 1927–1935 & 1937–1946 |
Alexander Alekhine [1] (31 October 1892 – 24 March 1946) was the fourth World Chess Champion, and the only one to die holding the title.[2]p7
Chess career
[change | change source]By the age of twenty-two, he was already one of the strongest grandmasters. During the 1920s, he was one of the hypermoderns, and won many tournaments. In 1927, he became World Champion by beating Capablanca. The match of 34 games was the longest world championship match held until 1985.
In the early 1930s Alekhine dominated tournament play, and won top-class tournaments by large margins. He also played first board for France in four Chess Olympiads, winning prizes in each. His tournament record became less good from the mid-1930s onwards; alcoholism is often blamed for this. Although Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same terms that Capablanca had set for him, negotiations dragged on for years. It became clear that Alekhine would never let the match take place. Meanwhile, he defended his title with ease against Bogolyubov in 1929 and 1934.
Alekhine was defeated by Euwe in 1935, but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch. His tournament record was now uneven, and rising stars (such as Keres and Botvinnik) threatened his title. Negotiations for a title match were halted by the start of World War II in 1939.
Alekhine was known for his attacking style: he was good at turning an initiative into a win. He was the first world champion to work hard on opening theory. Alekhine was the first to be a full-time dedicated professional of the modern type. He said he spent eight hours a day studying the game, and produced many innovations in chess openings.
Alekhine was declared an "Enemy of the Soviet Union" after making anti-Bolshevik statements in 1927. However, after his death, the Soviet chess leaders called him "one of the founders of the Soviet School of Chess". He is still highly regarded as a chess writer. His finest works were his collections of his own games, which influenced many players.
Character
[change | change source]
Alekhine was a brilliant player with a poor character: "Not everyone liked his personal character, but all admired his chess genius".[2]p7 That he sometimes lied, and was often half-drunk is mentioned by all his biographers. He married a Russian baroness in 1920, which legitimised their seven-year-old daughter. The following year he married a Swiss woman, and obtained permission to leave Russia.
The marriage, which was probably bigamous, broke up soon after. Later he married twice more. He settled in Paris, becoming a naturalised French citizen. He studied law at the Sorbonne, and claimed to have got a doctorate there in 1925: he was known widely as 'Dr. Alekhine'. Researchers have failed to find any trace of this in the records of the Sorbonne.[3]p69 Having at last won the world title, Alekhine used every device to avoid giving Capablanca a return match. He remarked to a friend "Somehow the match will never take place".[2]p8
Alekhine stayed in Nazi-occupied Europe during the war, where he played in tournaments organised by the Nazis. Anti-Semitic articles appeared under his name. Although he later claimed they were forged by the Nazis, the original manuscripts in his hand were found amongst his last wife's effects when she died.[2][4]p309–313 Whether Alekhine was personally anti-semitic is not so clear. He had good relationships with some Jewish chess players, and his fourth wife was Jewish. Negotiations with Mikhail Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal. "It is not too callous to say that he was fortunate to have died at that time. Feeling was very strong in France against those who came under suspicion of collaboration with the enemy".[3]p75
Books
[change | change source]Alekine wrote over twenty books on chess.[5] Some of the best-known are:
- Alekhine, Alexander (1985). My best games of chess 1908-1937. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-24941-4. Originally published in two volumes as My best games of chess 1908-1923 and My best games of chess 1924-1937
- Alekhine, Alexander (2010-09-16). 107 great chess battles 1939-1945. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-27104-0.
- Alekhine, Alexander (1961). The book of the New York international chess tournament 1924. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20752-0.
- Alekhine, Alexander 1972. International chess tournament. New York 1927. Chess Digest, Dallas.
- Alekhine, Alexander (1962). The book of the Nottingham international chess tournament. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20189-4.
- Alekhine, Alexander 1932. Auf dem Wege zur Weltmeisterschaft. Berlin, De Gruyter. Translated as On the road to the world championship (transl. C.J. Feather & K.P.Neat) Pergamon, Oxford.
- Alekhine, Alexander; Max Euwe, Harry Golombek (1973). The World's Chess Championship 1937. Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20455-0.
- Alekhine, Alexander 1947. Gran ajadrez: mis mejores analisis. Madrid.
- Skinner L.M. and Verhoeven R.G.P. 1998. Alexander Alekhine's chess games 1902–1946. McFarland, Jefferson NC.
References
[change | change source]
- ↑ Russian: Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин: Alekhine is the most common transcription of his name in English-language writings, also in French, Catalan, Portuguese, Turkish. There are other transcriptions in other languages. Aljechin in German, Danish, Dutch, Czech. Aljehin in Hungarian, Croatian, Slovenian; Alejin in Spanish. Alechin in Italian, Polish, Slovak, Swedish. Alekhin in Norwegian; Alehhin in Estonian; Alehin in Romanian, Finnish. Aļehins in Latvian; Alechinas or Aliochinas in Lithuanian.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hooper, David and Whyld, Kenneth 1992. The Oxford companion to chess 2nd ed, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866164-1
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Edward G. Winter (November 1981). World Chess Champions. Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-024094-7.
- ↑ The evidence is discussed in detail by Edward Winter, 1999. Kings, commoners and knaves: further chess explorations. Russell, Milford CT.
- ↑ "Bill Wall: Alekhine's writings". Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2010-03-29.